M Statistics

MAT 300 STATISTICS M&M PROJECT PAPER ALEXANDREA WINT prof AZAD, VARGHA June 3, 2012 Purpose of Report The purpose of this project is to light upon the information for a quality control manager of Masterfoods plant. The manager wants to know ab appear the counterweight of potbellydies and if they atomic number 18 the same or opposite. If there is any difference that exists thusly the manager wants to know wherefore there is a difference in such cases. A study was conducted and results were obtained and based on these statistical results we go forth try to gain information about the quality of Masterfoods plant.Part1 Sampling order Sampling method is used to draw the random sample from the race of candies from distinguishable cup of teas is known as the simple random sampling without replacement. 36 pedestals were drawn from the population of different color of candies and subsequently drawing the 36 samples the counts of different candies are calculated. For sample in bag i how umpteen are glooming candies, how many are personnel casualty candies, how many are yellow candies etc. There are six different colors in separately bag. So the record is made after collecting the sample. Part 2 Method, Analysis, ResultsIn this section we take made attempts to find the descriptive statistics related to the number of candies or symmetry of candies in the bag. The think of number of candies per bag is approximately twined to 55. This means that we are expecting 55 candies with a standard deviation of 2. 1 in each bag and out of these we also expecting that the harmonise of different colors of candies should be equal for each bag. The sample balance for coloured candies is . 1916, for orange candies is 0. 18, for thou candies is 0. 1815, for yellow candies is 0. 663, for red candies is 0. 136 and for embrown candies is 0. 1446. For this results we cast sampled 36 bags which contains 1978 candies overall. Part 3 Method, Analysis, Results For th is part the 95% confidence intervals are obtained for each color of candies and also the mean number of candies. The following results are obtained from the analysis * 95% confident that the population rest for blue candies will lies between 0. 1743 and 0. 20895. * 95% confident that the population equaliser for orange candies will lies between 0. 1631 and 0. 969 * 95% confident that the population comparison for green candies will lies between 0. 16451 and 0. 19848 * 95% confident that the population proportion for yellow candies will lies between 0. 14992 and 0. 18274 * 95% confident that the population proportion for red candies will lies between 0. 12089, 0. 1511 * 95% confident that the population proportion for brown candies will lies between 0. 12909, 0. 16009. In addition to this we can avow that 438 candies should be sampled to obtain a 95% CI of the proportion of blue candies with a 4% margin of error if the known proportion of blue candies is 0. 4. Part 4 Method, Anal ysis, Results This portion explains the hypothesis outpouringing for population proportion for different types/colors of candies. Each candy was tested against their standard proportion, which was then decided by the organization and we have obtained the results using the Z test for proportion. We can answer below results based on the analysis of information * The line up proportion of blue candies is non equal to 0. 24 at 5% level of significance. * The true proportion of orange candies is not equal to 0. 0 at 5% level of significance. * The true proportion of green candies is not equal to 0. 16 at 5% level of significance. * The true proportion of yellow candies is not equal to 0. 14 at 5% level of significance. * The true proportion of red candies is equal to 0. 13 at 5% level of significance. * The true proportion of brown candies is equal to 0. 13 at 5% level of significance. * The population mean for each bag is more than 54 candies and standard deviation for number of candies per bag 1. 69oz bag is more than 1. at 5% level of significance Part 5 Method, Analysis, Results In this portion a check for whether the there is any epochal difference in the population proportion of red and brown candies was done. For this we have tested the hypothesis at 5% level of significance. From the results which we obtained we can conclude that we are fail to reject the null hypothesis H0 because we dont have luxuriant evidence to support the claim that the population proportions of red and brown are equal at 5% level of significance. Quality ControlIt is limpid that there are 4 candy proportions that do not mend up the requirement of set proportion only red colored and brown colored candies met the specified requirement of proportion. So we want to check why there is a difference in the quality of the proceeds. So slightly of the reason for this difference can be classified as * The machine(s) is/are not working properly, is there any difference in the outp ut of one machine? * There is a possibility that due to different workers at the different shifts the variation arises. There is any assignable or random cause occurs or in simple words we can say that machines are producing the same colored candies at regular intervals. closure We can conclude from the above results that there quality of output is not at the point where the plant would like it to be, because the standard which are fixed in advance did not work best with the output which we have obtained. The four-population proportion for color blue, orange, green and yellow does not meet the set requirements.

Government Spending on Healthcare

Government Spending on health accusation Talia Oliver 10/22/2012 HCS/440 Donna Lupinacci, MSN The bind I read was written by Margargont Cuomo, M. D. and it rivet on health care costs and how the government is doing unnecessary disbursal in health care. According to the phrase, the government has spent about $750 billion dollars on checkup care that was not needed. Some of the areas where the generator views that the cash has been weakened come been in unnecessary work, excessive administrative costs, inflated prices, close oution failures and fraud.The unfreeze is that this spending is not actually contributing to the improvement of forbearing health. The author the author had stated that Flaws in the current system of commodecer give-and-take contribute to unnecessary spending (Cuomo, 2012). There is so much money organism spent on the blood tests, diagnostic scans and other checkup procedures that deal with cancer and it is costing about $200 billion every year. With their being so much unnecessary spending on healthcare, Cuomo discussed how a group called the IOM committee was able to come up with ways in order to take the spending and be able to continue to pop the question quality health service.Government Regulation on Media in AmericaThe obligate discusses that the IOM believes that Eliminating uneconomic spending for just one year ($750 billion) would be equal to much than 10 years of Medicare cuts (Cuomo, 2012). This wasteful spending according to the phrase cant continue to happen and it is important that we understand where the money is being spent and how the excessive spending can be changed. My opinion of the article is that thither is too much money being spent by the government on healthcare that is not contributing to ensuring the improvement of patient health.When you look at the unnecessary medical care, there are services that are not needed but the money is being wasted when it could be spent somewhere else. Cancer is a serious unveil and I believe it is important for patients to get assistance to service embrace cancer. However, there are times that some patients are a issue paranoid and believe they have cancer and request tests to be sure. This is not necessary if the patient shows no signs of having cancer and the money can be saved. I believe that the article is very validated with saying that a lot of the spending is going to unnecessary things.The motive why I believe this is because there are those patients who are able to afford care and cant get covered for care due to the accompaniment that there is not enough funding available. The article is also valid in identifying ways that the unnecessary costs can be cut without disrupting the quality of care given to the patients. The ability to save money by cutting the unnecessary spending can help the money go to services like Medicare. I believe that the spending discussed in this article is way too much on unnecessary services that are not helping to improve patients health.There is no reason that $750 billion is being wasted and it could go to services that can help those who cant afford healthcare and those on Medicare. I believe that the government could focus that money on pr as yettion methods that would help to turn away patients requiring more care. Prevention efforts are important and yet the government doesnt invest enough money in it. The article had stated that late The House of Representatives voted 236 to 183 to repeal the Affordable health Care Acts Prevention and Public Health Trust Fund (Cuomo, 2012).Instead of trying to prevent the spending on unnecessary services and issues, repealing this act just ensures that there will be more costs to come due to the fact that prevention efforts are not being taken seriously. In conclusion, this article talked about the fact that a lot of the government spending on healthcare is being wasted on unnecessary services. The government is spending money on healthcare that can be cut in order to spend money where it is needed in healthcare.If the government focused more on being able to cut costs and offer up quality care, $750 billion can go to Medicare services or even to state agencies that are trying to help uninsured patients get prudish care. The government spending on healthcare should be spent on ensuring the improvement of patients health. References Cuomo, M. (2012, September 25). Margaret I. Cuomo, M. D. The Truth About Health Care Costs. Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. Retrieved October 23, 2012, from http//www. huffingtonpost. com/margaret-i-cuomo-md/health-care-costs_b_1901742. html

Position of the Music Industry Prior to Introduction of Internet Essay

In the medical specialty industry prior to the introduction of internet merchandise there were diametric roles being played by different actors of the market. The chronic way a product is prepared for market is to contract the artists. The artists who were the capability providers record materials which are either their own or provided to them by different writers. This is clearly depicted in the figure below. Traditional Value range of mountains in the Music Industry Source John B. Meisel and Timothy S. SullivanThe recordings will be done on the basis of the contracts entered into with the recording companies. Hence the world-beater and deem over the supply of the product re importanted with the record eminent society. The recording company thus would be regarded as the holder of the study item of lever in the supply chain being the exclusive rights over the preserve artists content. (Hardaker and Graham, 2001) Most of the part of the distribution is in the hands of t he record companies and they likewise retain the rights to select the suppliers.The distribution and supplier selection is based on the record companies perception about the quality of the recording and the symphony, past disposition of the suppliers and the contract price for the recording. In return for the content in the trope of recording, the artist is compensated by the provision of promotions for the recording and its merchandising in connection with the trades there of and the distribution of the content as a tradeable commodity CD for example. It was usual in the traditional medicament industry that the major record companies have their own distribution convey and businesses.Hence it would become necessary for a retailer to source his medicine products from different sources. Sometimes the retailer may have to place orders with major record companies and up to 20 another(prenominal) firms from the indep differenceent sector. The advanced releases of medical spec ialty albums or other sales of the record companies are usually handled by the wholesalers. If the retailer would like to follow the wholesaler route then he might have to order through only one wholesaler. The main wholesalers overly offer another service called rack jobbing which is a different method of supply being adopted by them.The function of a rack jobber includes the supply of complete package that contains records and other promotional and display materials. It is also the duty of the wholesaler to keep a uninterrupted stock usually on a sale or supersede basis. Just as the advancement in the telecommunication had its effect on all the other sectors from airline reservations to banking and related financial services the music recording industry has also been severely impacted both positively and negatively observes Eric de Fontenay. In fact the impact of internet on the music industry is much more profound than on any other industries.Despite the fact that the entertai nment related products and services have taken their own time to develop and take advantage of the improvements in digital engineering over the decades, during the intervening period the overall social structure of the industry has remained dormant. The reasons for the industry to remain without major changes can be traced to the by-line reasons 1. The apostrophize of creation of content has always remained higher and this prohibited any new entrants in to the industry. 2. The structure of content ownership and rights of licensing system remained unaltered thereby keeping the structure of the industry in tact.3. There has been a never-ending necessity for the presence of a distribution network almost all over in the world irrespective of the geographical barriers. This has restricted the breathing firms to deliver any changes in the structure. There was no possibility of new firms ledger entry the market in view of the high capital intensive nature. 4. also there had alway s been a constant scarcity for the distribution networks which also prevented any new forms of distribution or change in the structure of the distribution networks. (Eric de Fontenay) The internet has affected the music industry in so many ways.It has made the industry incur additional costs in completely restructuring itself. Further the internet has reduced the entry barriers. This was possible by a considerable increase in the number of downstream outlets having varied nature. At the same time the internet has provided the actors in the upstream end to enjoy greater control over the aspects of content ownership, production and distribution. This has created a distinct fear in the record labels that they cannot eliminate the possibility of acquire bypassed by both the markets in the downstream and upstream.This impact has created the following chemical reaction on the part of the traditional industry actors. They tried to impose the existing rules and procedures to the new mediu m so that they could exercise the same leverage and control over the market. The process by which they attempted to do it involves a equalize aspects strategic approach. At one end they used reasoned bring to restrict the availability and use of the new technology in the Industry. On the other end they adopted new technologies to tackle the potential legal threats that would affect the control derived by them from the traditional systems.This strategy backfired and left them high and dry in the market while new information technology players like AOL, Microsoft, E Music and MP3 took advantage of the stalemate. They reacted aggressively by edifice their infrastructure and systems for the online marketing and distribution of music. They also involved themselves in the sell of music over internet. The distribution of revenue enhancements in the music industry involves the fate of the performer. As per the contract terms the performer is to be paid a portion of the revenue each t ime there is a sale of the record.Before the money is paid to the performer the revenue is to be apportion towards the expenses incurred by the company for marketing and distribution. This gives an opportunity for the artists to earn considerable amounts from the sale of products. For gaining maximum revenue the artists should control the publishing rights to their songs or they have the strength to negotiate contracts with terms that are favourable to the artists. In the case of revenue distribution Internet has its impact on the industry in the following respects.

Tourettes Syndrome in Children

Tourettes syndrome, also called Tourettes bother is named after the neurologist, Gilles de la Tourette. Some convictions it is referred to as GTS but more often it is simply called Tourettes or TS. It is an inherited neurologic put out marked by movement-establish ( drive) tics which ar abrupt, repetitive, stereotyped, non-rhythmic movements, as well as strain (verbal or phonic) tics which atomic number 18 involuntary sounds produced by moving duck soup through the nose, mouth, or throat. Tourettes is defined as part of a spectrum of tic disorders, which includes temporary and degenerative tics.This disorder whitethorn appear in triplex family members, and often appears (co-morbid) with other behavioral disorders, in particular obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and prudence deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (Hawley 2008). People with this disorder arouse convening smell expectancy and intelligence, but symptoms can lead to decrease in normal activities (Walkup , Mink & Hollenbeck 2006). Tourettes syndrome, as described in the psychiatric diagnostic tool DSM-IV-TR criteria is associated with distress or favorable or functional wrong (Hawley 2008). Onset and Diagnosis.The most common first sign to alert great deal to visit the doctor for a possible presence of Tourettes is a facial tic such(prenominal) as rapidly blinking eyes or twitches of the mouth (NTSA 2009). Unintended, involuntary sounds such as throat clearing, shrugging or tics of the limbs may be initial signs but in certain cheek, although rare, the symptoms be lie with on the spur of the moment with multiple symptoms of movements and sounds. Chronic tic disorder is diagnosed with the presence of single or multiple tics, and the presence of motor or phonic tics (but non both) which is present for a year or more.On the other hand, Tourettes which falls downstairs the category of above is diagnosed when there are multiple motor tics occurring at the same time with one pho nic tic and is manifested for more than a year. As a command rule, simple motor tics like blinking are first observe on the squirt at around 5-10 days old, while vocal tics start manifesting after 8 years old but beforehand the child is 15 years old. Symptoms of the disorder can be seen in infancy but this is a rarity. As a rule, the symptoms may come and go and children show identifiable signs at round 7 years old (Hawley 2008), and before 18-21years old (Black 2007).Studies found the most onset was among 9-14 years of age (Leckman 2003, Black 2007). Another study showed that tics started below 18 years, but 5 relatives had an onset after the age of 21 years. impact persons will blink, jerk, grunt, clear their throats, swing their arms, grasp or clasp others, have obsessive-compulsive behaviors or use verbal expletives (coprolalia) uncontrollably (Tabers 2001, 2207). In nearly cases, people suffering from Tourettes can control the verbal expletives in public but they will e xpress it vigorously once they are in private.Coprolalia, the uncontrollable utterance of kindlyly objectionable or prohibited words or phrases is the most popular symptom of Tourettes but it is not required for a diagnosis hence about 90% of patients upset with it only Tourettes does not have coprolalia. The most common, initially noticed motor tic is eye blinking and the vocal tic is repetitive throat clearing (Black 2007). The disorder often persists throughout the various(prenominal)s lifespan but bad peaks in adolescence and thereafter decreases to a point that it is almost not irritative to the person.This average though can be very misleading be arrest near form of fluctuation or return key have been documented although it is not severe. There have also been rare cases that reported a recurrence of tics that is bothersome(a) enough to seek medical attention, and have had to maintain long treatment delinquent to progressively worsening of tic activity (Black 2007). P revalence. Tourettes syndrome used to be k instantern as a rare condition but it is now contended by doctors and psychologists that it may be more common but misdiagnosed because some cases are so cracked that patients and their families discard it as being an distinguishing characteristic rather than Tourettes.Most children with TS have mild, barely bothersome, non-disabling symptoms, and it is difficult to distinguish the signs of the disorder as opposed to a child acting out such as Mimicking others, blinking being viewed as tormenting someone who may have do so because they wear glasses, or by doing things that others would view as the child just trying to get attention, therefore, medical attention is not a thought to the parents of the child who is doing these things.In some patients the tics improve and disappear as they suppurate older hence, they never seek medical attention. The estimated preponderance is 0. 7-4. 2% (Hawley 2008) based on children checked in public sc hools. Tourettes is known to be familial and its prevalence rate in first-degree relatives is 5-15% (about 10 times the prevalence rate in the general population). Chronic motor tics occurring, without vocal tics has also been documented as being common in relatives (Black 2007).In special learning programs, 26% of students identified tics, as compared to 6% of students in mainstream classrooms led to acknowledgment of co-morbidity with having symptoms of TS included ADHD and OCD (Hawley 2008), impulse control disorders, anxiety and mood disorders, as well as difficulties with living and adaptation (Walkup, Mink & Hollenbeck 2006). It is estimated that 1 in 10 children per 1,000 have Tourettes disorder, and as many as 1 per 100 people may have tic disorders.In children, male to female proportionality varies from 2-101 (Hawley 2008), boys have an increased prevalence for chronic tics compared to girls in exhibiting 51 ratio, although some studies show surrounded by 21 and 101 ra tios (Black 2007). If OCD data is included as a variant of Tourettes, their quantities added to the total, the ratio between boys and girls become equal (Hawley 2008). Causes. Environmental factors may contribute to the cause but up to now exact causes of the disorder is still are not known.The clinical phenomenon are very similar across social classes, ethnicity and culture which suggests a genetic basis and the disorder has been reported globally (Hawley 2008). As children pass through adolescence, the tics decrease in sharpness and it is extremely rare for Tourettes to persist in adulthood. Whether the resolution is a compensation of the neuro clay or a resolution of the underlying pathology is unclear (Hawley 2008).Adults who show signs of the disorder are likely to have shown symptoms since childhood, although these may have been so mild that they were generally unnoticed and undiagnosed. In the US though, most diagnosed patients being examined at research centers and affili ated with lay organizations are white. But this does not inevitably mean that Caucasians have a predisposition, it may merely be due to differences healthcare-seeking behaviors. A non-genetic cause may also exist and is still under research and investigation.Additional evidence is being gathered regarding the differences in hard knocks between affected twins with the twin having experienced peri-natal complications experiencing increased symptom severity (Hyde 1992, Black 2007). Also garnering much attention is the theory that Tourettes syndrome may be caused by an abnormal immune response to streptococcal infection. In several documented cases, tics began suddenly after a streptococcal infection. As a result of this the case definition for a post-streptococcal autoimmune neuro-psychiatric disorders came into being (Snider 2003, Black 2007).The difference between other movement disorders such as choreas, dystonias, and dyskinesias and that of Tourettes these are temporarily suppr essible, non-rhythmic and more often than not are preceded by a premonitory urge (Black 2007). Just before an onset, an afflicted individual feels an urge that is similar to one felt before a sneezing or an itch that needs scratching. This is often pictured as a buildup of tension and energy which they are then able to consciously vacate so the sensation is relieved.It is further described as something stuck in ones throat, a localized discomfort in the shoulders that leads to the need to clear ones throat or shrug the shoulders (Hawley 2008). The actual tic is eventually felt as relieving this tension or sensation, similar to clearing the throat or shrugging the shoulder. This is how premonitory sensory phenomena or premonitory urges are described by sufferers. Medication and Treatment. Often, medication is superfluous and a safe and trenchant medication for each and every case of tic is yet to be introduced.There have been medications as well as therapies that befriend to red uce certain types of tics, but not cure it. In general, the medical management of Tourettes is the treatment of coexisting behavior symptoms, change in diet, patient and family education. The patient and family are educated regarding how to effectively handle the manifestations of the disorder, and if an effective adaptation is made, they can avoid the use of medications. Medication is only considered when there is substantial interference with social and academic performance, as well as activities of daily living.The target is not for completely eliminating the symptoms but merely to slake the social embarrassment and discomfort so as to improve the social and academics life of the child. Various pharmacological agents are used to reduce the symptoms severity but it only treats the symptom and often the medications are have neurologic effects whereas it has been argued that the disorder is a neuro biologic condition. No curative or preventive treatments are atill available for th is neurobiological or even biological aspect.There is a growing movement to go against medications because this being a chronic disorder, the goal should be long-term benefit rather than quick progression at any cost. Families are also getting increasingly disordered that the medications might have a detrimental effect in their children, that perhaps in the end, it damages them rather than processing. It has been Resources for the child and families are available in several way which include educating students and school personnel regarding the nature the syndrome as well as improving the school environment will help the patient to avoid pharmacotherapy.Parents and families members of a child who has TS can turn to agencies such as the National Tourettes Association, counseling with the doctors, videos, and self help books. quotation List Black, Kevin J.. , Webb, Heather. Neurology Pediatric Neurology Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders. Mar 30, 2007. lendable from eMedi cine Specialties at http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/1182258-overview Hawley, Jason S. , Darnall, Carl R. , Gray, Sharette K. Pediatrics Developmental and Behavioral Tourette Syndrome. 23 June 2008.Available from eMedicine Specialties at http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/289457-overview. National Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc. Tourette Syndrome Frequently Asked Questions Website http//www. tsa-usa. org. Available at http//www. tsa-usa. org/Medical/Faqs. html. 2009. Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. Tourettes Syndrome. (pp. 2207-2208). Philadephia, PA. F. A. Davis Company. 2001. Walkup, John T. , Mink, Jonathan W. , Hollenbeck, Peter J. Edition Tourette Syndrome. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006.

Value Management

Q. 1 Using your emerging knowledge of Value circumspection (VM), critic aloney appraise the report and make suggestions as to how the VM study exponent have been run differently / more rough-and-readyly. A Value charge report is the basis to a well-constructed date in the sense that all parties involved or potentially affected go out be guinea pig with the final outcome. It is vital to understand and elaborate on the key aspects that turn back a value management study in order to gull an agreeable conclusion. Often these guidelines ar met, yet comparatively and with no payable culpability, some guidelines are overseen.The causes of these signifi jackpott errors are often mistakes and rarely wise to(p) however they greatly skew the findings and lead to inevitable issues raised in the future. The Value vigilance Workshop Report, dated 26 November 2009, is focused on the Road and Traffic Authority (RTA) Mount Victoria to Lithgow tramp. It incorporates many of the procedures and strategies that are set out in a report titled correspond Asset vigilance, September 2004, which has been formulateed by New South Wales regimen Treasurys Office.This grouchy documents basis is value management guideline. In order to construct an argument as to how the Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project workshop could have been run differently and more effectively I will juxtapose these two documents. There are two of import criteria that will be focused on the stages of a Value focal point and when such stages should be initiated and pre workshop proposalning and what it should comprise of. For a major(ip) project/program, several Value Management studies may be needed, for ensample at the service planning stage, the concept development stage, at the turn of events stage, at the operation and maintenance stage and, ultimately, at disposal. (Value Management guideline, 2004) There is no question that the 6 major stages of a project listed above require a Value Manageme nt Plan. In this particular instance the concept development stage is the main focus of the RTA report. conceit development should include the scope of the project, what the project aims to achieve and the general cogitate behind such a development.The general concept of this proposed project foot be described as light meaning that the reason for lying-in a public infrastructure project, estimated in excess of $275 million excluding the tercet phases included in the Mount Victoria section, is a little unclear. It is express that The highway upgrade work that has already been completed on The Great occidental Highway has led to improved travel times for motorists and a safer road purlieu for all motorists, pedestrians and cyclists. RTA Mount Victoria to Lithgow Project, 26 November 2009) The New South Wales Governments plan to upgrade state roads, is therefore a green light to develop and upgrade new roads as the RTA deems fit. There is no eyeshot or mention of rejuvenating existing infrastructure, which would be presumably economically better and time efficient. Although such a consideration may have fabricate immediately redundant once ousted, there should have been ample luck for consideration by all members of the workshop, which in fact there wasnt.It is effective to conduct pre workshops programmes in a smaller group to develop issues that can be readily raised in the major Value Management workshop. Identifying issues early rather than over the two days of the workshop will give organisers and sub sequentially the members of the workshop the ability to address and outcome problems with relevant facts, current data and more importantly directly. This would be a substitute of ball park figures and broad/ assumed answers that would have been frame up forward if pre workshop programmes were not conducted.

Internet Marketing Tchibo Case

morality Ideas skid A morality idea is an innovative concept of interacting with the consumers especially for a sell confederacy bid morals. Usually, consumer harvesting companies like P&G produce a wide range of consumer goods and sell their crops in retail stores owned by new(prenominal) companies like Walter. The retailers besides produce goods at a lower place private labels and sell them in their stores. But, Thatchs business model is very different. ethical motive produces its own convergences, though it outsource production. It sells its own products and represents new products every week.It uses ethics ideas to produce whatsoever its products. The moral philosophy ideas bring in high place to moral philosophy as a retailer, sliceufacturer and brand. As a retailer, it is very important to catch the consumer and their enigmas and preferences. This requires expensive and extensive market research. When consumers post their needs and problems, it reflects their preferences and buying behavior. This enables moral philosophy to experience what clients want and need. As mentioned in the character reference this would reduce the marketing and consumer research expenses by 20% to 30%.The customer feedback, comments and response to a dissipateicular morals idea help the company to come up tit clearly accurate sales projections. It also helps to understand where the competitors stand. The problems of consumers reflect the semiconductor gap in that particular ara. It helps to understand why the competitors atomic number 18 not regularly producing the goods that argon brought up in the Ethics ideas. Uncertainty regarding acceptance of a particular product in the market is greatly reduced by Ethics ideas.Ethics as a retailer tries to understand the market demands, and Ethics ideas help to identify very much of untapped market potential. Ethics ideas are highly valuable to Ethics as a manufacturer as considerably. The products that serve as solutions for customers problems are innovated and designed by superiors participating in the Ethics ideas. This greatly reduces the be and efforts to give products that would be in possession of the potential to address market problems. As Ethics refreshes its product lines every week, it requires a very dynamic innovation and developing work.Ethics ideas contribute to the efforts of product development at Ethics. It leverages the creativity of general and professional nation and integrates everyones work. The large number of products that are introduced every year unavoidable the production to be fast paced. It is not easy for new(prenominal) companies to introduce such all overgenerous number of products in such short metre periods. A specific product has to be produced in small quantities compared to the products expect to run for an indefinite time period. Thus, Ethics outsource the production and kindle easily launch new products or change its current produ ct lines.Ethics ideas bring a lot of value to Ethics as a brand. First, it uniquely positions the Ethics brand in market. Filling the store shelves with products that are designed by the consumers for the consumers reflects that the consumer is most important for Ethics. The customers feel that Ethics pays them alone(predicate) attention. This increases consumers trust for the brand. The concept of weekly launch of new products compels the customers to consult the Ethics stores every week, whether it is due to a need for a particular product or it is the curiosity to see what is new in a Ethics store.It brings in the surprise element and enables the customers to feel excited for their next visit to Ethics. It is believed that Germans like spontaneous shop. The Ethics ideas give the brand an image of an innovator, which is esteemed for a retail company. The consumers expect Ethics to be highly innovative. It is evaluate to address problems that are not heard and addressed by othe r companies. This rats the Ethics brand applicable for almost every person. It is not like apparel or a car company that is relevant to barely clothing and transportation requirements of people.This is very important in a democracy where people show emphasis on individualism, as consumers produce an opportunity to find products that suit their personal nature, desire and requirement. Instead, Ethics is relevant to every German who has access to Internet. The brand builds a strong congress with every consumer ND significantly increases brand loyalty. Reducing the life of a product to one week greatly reduces the risks posed by a product failure. A failed product would be easily forgotten and would not leave a dark impression of failure on the companys image.Ethics ideas enable Ethics to achieve a feat that would be eve touchy for competitors to imitate. Unless the competitors double up the Ethics Ideas model, Ethics would enjoy competitive advantage over every other retailer . Its unique positioning in the market significantly increases Thatchs brand power. The Ethics ideas are equally, if not more, valuable for the consumers. The people have the power to express their problems and needs in front of other people and a company, who would work hard to solve the problems. People can this instant actually expect both(prenominal)one to think about their problem.People know that for a large corporation, it is not feasible to solve to everyones problems. But Ethics changes this cognition of a common man. The Ethics provides a place of surprise shopping and fun. Ethics changes the shopping experience completely. They can expect to be cheerily surprised in a Ethics store as well as find something that would not be available anywhere else. It would make the consumers feel proud to buy things that were produced because they raised the issue. Apart from the intangible benefits for the consumer, Ethics ideas also have tangible benefits for the consumer.The produ cts that are produced due to Ethics ideas are born from peoples actual problems. These problems are faced by common man in every day life as well as special occasions. A market usually comes up with products at the port of supply and demand. Most of the suppliers are interested to enter most profitable and high volume markets. Due to this, the consumers are compelled o be satisfied, in many instances, with whatever is available in the market. For example, traditional producers of galvanising mention plug boards would not be interested to produce the multi strip electric board due to small volume of demand for such boards.But, because Ethics is capable of producing goods in small quantities, the number of problems that could be addressed in the market increases significantly. This creates substantial amount of value for the consumers in the market, especially as Ethics ideas could be regarding any kind of goods. Not that are the problems solved, but also the cost of most goods is very reasonable. This compels other companies to measure heavily on the power of customer satisfaction and come up with products that would solve peoples problems.The Ethics ideas allow the common people to listen to other peoples problems and think over to find a solution for them. This is not solitary(prenominal) challenging but also rewarding. The person whose idea is commercialese gets a part of earnings as well as recognition on the products packaging. These rewards, though criticized by some, seem to be highly valuable for most of the people. It qualification not be even possible for many to commercialism their ideas. This could be made feasible for a large portion of the population only through Ethics ideas.It greatly diminishes the hurdles of innovating, producing and counterclaiming a product in the market. Ethics should continue with the Ethics Ideas and refine the whole process. It could, strategically, confine itself to some particular target segments and thus increas e its efficiency. The market research and data gathered due to the Ethics ideas is very valuable and should be employ to develop successful product lines for Thatchs own products. It is helpful to leverage peoples ideas and problems to develop maximum umber of products that could be efficiently sold in trunk with the one-week business model.The weekly regularity makes it unique and nearly impossible for the competitors to replicate the model in a profitable way. It is mentioned in the case that some people wait for particular yearly occasions for specific themed shopping. It would be helpful to develop a strategy to separate the weekly product lines from the themes repeated every year. This might prevent loss of business in weeks prior to fiestas, as people might not substitute festival shopping with the weekly shopping.The themes of weekly product lines could be more think around the core functionality of the products. A study indicates that only 26% collar of Europeans think that the home ware, food and drink and electronics sectors of E-business offer good service. desegregation of Ethics Ideas and the Direct Ethics offering satisfactory online service would be welcomed by most in Europe. The Ethics ideas website should be designed to be more interactive than it is. Higher engagement of users would help to better understand the user as well as competitors willingness to address the problems.The users could e asked to exercise a questionnaire, which could have questions like Have you tried to find a solution to your problem before? If yes, where and how? or How did you realize about the problem? Activities like commenting and discussing the issues on Ethics websites must be encouraged. Employees related to the production and marketing department of Ethics could participate in the discussions that would make the online Ethics Ideas experience very informative and interesting. BY Mess Frankfurt (trade fair organizing firm), Mess publishes Study Buying Behavior in Germane,

Psychological review Essay

This interesting movie had many twist and turns that always kept you on the edge of your seat. The mysterious decision could drop been interrupted in a variety of different views depending on the person watching the movie. The psychological role of the movie was tremendous, with patients ranging from paranoid schizophrenic psychosis to multiple personality disorders. The patients in the Manhattan Institute are suffering from heterogeneous different disorders. The patient Prot was a delusional person that also suffered from PTSD. He thinks hes from another(prenominal) planet, and many other of the patients are offset to believe him.Bess is another patient that is in a state of natural depression called paraiod schizophrenia and psychotic depression. Maria is a patient that is suffering from multiplex Personality Order. Her personalities vary form one to another. Howie is a patient that is on tranquilizers, and he has a desire for perfection. He spends most his time drill dicti onaries and encyclopedias which enables him in his mind to speak without any mis directs. Prot is to be said from another planet, K-Pax. The evidence that is supporting his statement would be numerous events in the movie.First, he gave an entire map of his solar system and the slender coordinates. It was an amazing baring that no other astronomer has yet discovered in our time. succeeding(a) would be when the scientist said that Prot could see ultraviolet light, no human organism can see this light. Also when Prot talked to the doctor ups dog just about the kids sneaking up on the dog that the dog did not akin that and the dog told him that which he talked to the kids about not sneaking up on the dog from the left side because he was hard of hearing in that ear.Prot said that he was going on a trip to Iceland and Greenland. The doctor didnt believe him but Prot was missing for a couple of days. When he said he was going back to his planet at that accurate time and date, a ligh t came into the room and messed up all the protective cover systems. Also Bess was missing because he said he was going to take one person back with him. After this incident Prot didnt have to wear his sunglasses, and didnt talk at all. All of the other patients didnt recognize him at all.Also where Robert Potter lived near Roswell, New Mexico, which is a place where aliens have been spotted. Also after Robert killed the rapist and murderer he went down to kill himself in the river. The movie never really gives you the exact answer you are looking for as far as if he was an alien or not, it leaves the viewer to determine their own answer. All in All, k-pax is still one of my favorite movies just because of the psychological elements behind it.

High School and Social Support Essay

The purpose of the think over was to determine affirmable differences in leaders behaviours, using the Revised Leadership for Sport outperform (RLSS), between anthropoid and fe manlike bearinges and among different coaching levels. The researchers submitted two hypotheses. The first hypothesis was that male and female coaches would oppose differently to the RLSS in overall leading behaviors. The back hypothesis was that differences on the RLSS would occur among coaching levels junior high-pitched, high give instruction, and college.The assay was nonrandom, including 162 coaches that were elect on a volunteerbasis. Within the sample, 118 (0. 73) of the coaches were male, go 44 (0. 27) were female. With regard to coaching level, 25 (0. 15) were junior high coaches, 99 (0. 61) high school, and 38 (0. 24) at the college level. While this is a good sample size, the problem lies with the distribution of the sample. The sample number for junior high coaches, in particular, is quite a low. A larger sample with regard to all categories would have aid in the information abstract, particularly when looking for possible fundamental interactions between sex activity and coaching level.The instrument utilized was the Revised Leadership for Sport Scale (RLSS) developed by Zhang, Jensen, and Mann in 1996. This scale is used to measure six-spot leadership behaviors training and instruction, antiauthoritarian, autocratic, social support, confirmative feedback, and situational consideration. The scale uses 60 statements, which were preceded by In coaching, I A Likert scale was then given for separately statement 1 = never 2 = seldom 3 = from time to time 4 = often and 5 = always.This produced an ordinal level data set. Scales were administered in a number of environmental settings classrooms, gymnasiums, practicefields, and offices. The subjective consistency for all(prenominal) section was calculated 0. 84 for training and instruction 0. 66 for democra tic 0. 70 for autocratic 0. 52 for social support 0. 78 for positive feedback and 0. 69 for situational consideration. There was no information, however, regarding the cogency of the RLSS. A MANOVA was used to decompose the data for differences between male and female coaches with regard to leadership behaviors. This is non consistent with the type of data collected.The RLSS used a Likert scale (ordinal), heretofore a MANOVA would be mostapplicable for normally distributed, quantitative data. The analysis showed there were no evidentiary differences between male and female coaches in overall leadership behaviors. When the six leadership styles were examined separately, there was a significant difference in social support between males and females. In general, females scored a lot higher than did the male coaches. A MANOVA was also used to examine the data for differences between the 3 levels of coaching (junior high, high school, and college) with regard to leadership behavior in general.There were significant differences between the three levels. When breaking elaborate the six behaviors and examining them individually, an ANOVA was used to analyze the data. Again, because the data for the RLSS is ordinal, an ANOVA is not the best analysis tool. The three coaching levels scored differently on three of the six behaviors democratic behaviors, training and instruction, and social support. High school coaches scored untold higher than college level coaches in democratic behavior. Junior high coaches were importantly lower in training and instruction than either high school or college coaches.Junior high coaches also demonstrated a lesser degree of social support than either the high school or college coaches. A MANOVA was again used to analyze the data for any interaction between gender and coaching level with regard to overall leadership behavior. Once again, a better analysis method could have been chosen based on the spirit of the data collected. The results indicated no significant interactions. The bionomic generaliziability for the study is fairly high. The surveys were mailed out, and returned on a volunteer basis. However, referable to the nonrandom nature of the sample,the results would not generalizable beyond the 162 participants in the study. There was no effect size is listed for the study. In order to reduce threats to informal validity, the participants were asked to respond honestly and confidentiality was stressed so that the coaches might feel to a greater extent at ease in responding. No other efforts were indicated. The researchers mention that the scales were given in a variety of settings. This could present a threat to the internal validity in that participants might not have been entirely focused on completing the scale, but instead on coordinating practice, completingpaperwork, and so forthThere are a number of other factors that could effect the internal validity of the study, yet were not addressed by the researchers. Coaching acknowledge would greatly effect the responses of the participants, yet this was not considered in the study. The gender of the athletes may be a contributing factor to the coaches responses. It is not unreasonable to reckon that coaches of female athletes, particularly at the junior high and high school levels, will demonstrate more social support than those of male athletes.The nature of thesport could also be critical. Certain coaching styles are more applicable for individual sports (wrestling, track, and tennis) than for team sports (football, soccer, and basketball). The socioeconomics and population of the school itself could play a factor. Certain schools have better athletes and programs in a particular sport, while others may not be able to field a harming team. In addition, at the high school level, coaches are occasionally asked/ force to work with a program they have no knowledge of or desire to coach due to staffingshortages.This could dra matically influence a coachs response to the scale questions. The tarradiddle of the program as swell up as the individual coachs personal coaching tarradiddle could greatly influence responses. If the program has had several losing seasons in a row, perhaps the attitude of the coach could be different than that of a coach who has belatedly won a state title. An surplus set of questions regarding the personal history of the coach in question could have helped reduce many of these threats. With additional information, theresearchers may have been able to use a modified coordinated system when analyzing the results.By increasing the number of independent variables to include things such as coaching experience and gender of the athletes, the researchers could have reduced many of the potential threats to internal validity. In addition, bringing coaches together to a park setting could have reduced location threat. Coaches meet seasonally for clinics. possibly obtaining permi ssion to administer the survey during these meetings would have been possible. It would have also been possible to actually go to individualschools and meet with the coaches as a crowd to administer surveys.This method would have given a good cross-section(prenominal) of gender and coaching experience for a variety of sports. While the study has merit, the methods need to be re- esteemd. The power of the study needs to be increase by obtaining a larger sample size. The numerous potential threats to internal validity need to be addressed and minimized where possible. It would also be helpful to be given data regarding the validity of the RLSS. Without these, it is impossible to evaluate the potential meaningfulness of this study.

Cherokee Removal

The Cherokee spate were labored out of their kill because of the settlers greed for e precisething and anything the priming coat had to shooter. umpteen Cherokee even embraced the refining program, abandoning their own beliefs so that they may be accepted by ovalbumin settlers. Unfortunately for the Cherokee though, the settlers would neer accept them as an exist citizen. A quote from historian Richard White says it very well up, The Cherokee are credibly the to the highest degree tragic instance of what could fork out succeeded in American Indian policy and didnt.All these things that Americans would proudly see as the h totallymarks of civilization are loss to the West by Indian heap. They do everything they were asked except star thing. What the Cherokees last are, they may be Christian, they may be literate, they may have a g overnment like ours, but ultimately they are Indian. And in the end, organismness Indian is what killed them. The accordance of Hopew ell was set up in 1785 and was made with all the good intentions, but nobody to enforce the rules. It was set up to pop off setting up friendly relations with the Cherokee, but to a fault to ascertain the Cherokee b separates.It gave the Cherokees the right to expel of any un lossed person that was on their land. sluice with this agreement though stack of both tabun and North Carolina actuate onto the Cherokees land, taking as they pleased. This caused thither to be battles between settlers and Cherokee. There was a big racial issue when it came to battles though. Whenever the settlers would win a battle it was called an Indian war, but when the Indians would win, it was called a massacre. Henry Knox soon dance stepped into the picture and he came accept that it was inevitable that both civilized and barbaric peoples should adjure so much.In order to ratify this he implemented a civilization program. As a part of this program, in order to be considered civilized iodine had to dress, think, act, speak, work, and idolise the same counseling. Knox felt the Cherokee just essential more or less sequence to limit these ship modality. Knox set up the Treat of Holston in 1791 where it stated, That the Cherokee nation may be let to a greater degree of civilization, and to kick the bucket herdsmen and cultivators, instead of rest in a state of hunters, the coupled States will, from time to time, furnish a gratuitously the said nation with useful implements of husbandry. For the Cherokee this meant leaving umteen of their traditions throne and embracing the American way of life-time in order to commemorate their land. In order to be civilized Cherokee men had to cease track down and attend to either the fields of herd livestock. This was due to the find out by the settlers that the Cherokee men were lazy because the settlers viewed hunting as fun and a sport. Because some felt that working in the fields was something that is a womans job ma ny turned to herding livestock as an alternative. Cherokee women were told that they could no time-consuming work in the fields but should work in the theater as a subservient.Many of the Cherokee had a hard time with this as well because they felt that the women settlers were lazy and they did non want their women to be the same way. in brief though many Cherokee women began working in the household, cooking, cleaning, or sewing. The main way Cherokees could be considered civilized was to accept Christianity. The U. S. government sent missionaries into Indian dirt to build schools. At these schools though they not exactly taught literature, math, and English, but they similarly taught youth Cherokees how to read using the Bible and also taught them how to pray.Many Cherokees ended up accepting Christianity with a select few not willing, but that was no different than how many white settlers were. Due to the civilization program many Cherokees became exceedingly wealthy and even ended up purchasing slaves to do field work. These Cherokee men became key political leaders for the Cherokee nation. They would end up writing and applying their very own organization of the Cherokee Nation which was made very similar to out very own constitution. The main concern for roughly of the Cherokee was land and due to that it was the first thing to be outlined in the Cherokee Constitution.In Article 1-Section 1 it states the boundaries they instanter posses because of the treaties made with the U. S. and also states that those boundaries shall forever be their land. Cherokees made another important fair play active the selling of land as well in order to go for their borders, The Cherokee Nation Council discuss the linked States that it would refuse future cession requests and enacted a faithfulness prohi silicon chiping the barter of depicted object land upon penalty of death. Even with these laws in place a small group of Cherokee set out against the r est of the Nation.Major Ridge, hind end Ridge, and Elias Boudinot, sign(a) a remotion treat at the Cherokee capital of New Echota without the part of Principal Chief ass Ross or the Cherokee government. The accordance of New Echota postulate the Cherokee Nation to exchange its national lands for a parcel in the Indian Territory set aside by relative, in what is now Oklahoma, in 1834 and to relocate there within two years. The federal government promised to hold over $5 million to the Cherokee Nation, compensate individuals for their mental synthesiss and fixtures, and pay for the costs of relocation and acclimation.The linked States also promised to honor the title of the Cherokee Nations new land, respect its political autonomy, and protect its tribe from future trespasses. Even though it was completed without the sanction of the Cherokee national government, the U. S. Senate ratified the treaty by a margin of one vote. presidential Chief thaumaturgy Ross tried to prov e that it was done without majority live with by getting 16,000 Cherokees to sign a document against the treaty. Ross tried to fight against the treaty till 1838, when the U. S. army was sent into the Cherokee Nation.In October, the Cherokees were herded into wooden stockades with no food, water, blankets, or sanitation. Most of them were barefoot and had no coats or blankets, yet they were forced to cross-rivers in sub-zero weather. There was about 22,000 Cherokees that were forced out of their homes on the track of rupture and a total of about 5,500 died along the way of exposure, starvation, and disease. A bulwark wrote, I fought with the War (Civil War), and I saw men snap fastener to pieces and slaughtered by the thousands, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew. condescension everything the Cherokees didchanging all of their traditions, trying to negotiate, and finally trying to protect themselves with lawsit did not subject. All the settlers wanted from the receivening was to manipulate and overhear every bit of land they could from the Cherokee. The Cherokee followed the civilization program and settlers only thought that, no matter what an Indian could never be civilized. As the historian Richard White throw at the beginning, And in the end, organism Indian is what killed them. Cherokee Removal hot seat chapiter and Mr.. Knox did not call in into consideration owe the United States people would tactile sensation about the Cherokee they felt that no matter what the Cherokee were taught that they would never lavishy be equal because of race. The Cherokee accepted some of the changes and resisted others, eventually this led to the forced removal of the Cherokee. After several failed treaty attempts, the Cherokee finally accepted that they would have to throw when soldiers arrived.The final negotiation was for the Cherokee to be able to do alone in the winter or 1838-39 and this would be source effn as the Trail of weeping because so many Cherokee died along the way. Becoming Civilized meant changing the ways that the Cherokee were accustomed to. Cherokee women would be more home developrs and the farming that they had done in the ult would now fall to the men who had once been the hunters of wild game. The experiment would have the Cherokee taking on more cattle, hogs and they would also begin to raise sheep.In add-on to planting corn they would also plant, cotton, wheat and flax. This also changed how some Cherokee viewed themselves and the way they looked at family. One example of that change would be Young Wolf, whom by and by he died and his Last Will and Testament dead showed how the views of the Cherokee had started shifting. Before Cherokee traced themselves through their mothers this meant that when Young Wolf died his land and other possessions should have gone to his sisters children.This nonetheless did not happen he left his estate to his son. A Cherokee view of civilization h ad begun early with Cherokee chiefs sons moving about the white community easily. They had been educated, were now living in regular housing, had started ontogenesis crops such as cotton, and were decent complicated with politics. One such son was named can Ridge, he became complex in national politics as a impresario of civilization and as a patriot who helped to execute the unscrupulous chief double feature for an illegal land sale (Purdue and Green, 32).John Ridge was a big promoter in the civilization process, he was also particularly interested in charting culture change among the Cherokees (Purdue and Green, 34). In order to reach the Cherokee people the United States government had Christian missions become involved, as the agent that the government had located among the Cherokee had not fulfilled the Job. Missionaries took on the role of civilizing the Cherokee, they set up schools, cast farms and served as the United States postmasters.This peaceful partnership of missionaries and government agents had a comparatively brief tenure (Purdue and Green, 45). With the missionaries immersed with the Cherokees they would prove to not only be tuition teachers but also teachers of manners and dress and some would also begin to side with the Cherokee people. The United States government wanted a way to keep track of the Cherokee so in 1835 they would begin quantifying Cherokee civilization. They wanted to bop as much as they could about where and what the Cherokee were doing.The government looked at the makeup of the Cherokee family within each home this included whether or not the family had full blooded, squadrons, half-breeds or whites that were related by marriage. This was not all that the government have-to doe with themselves with, they also took note of the style of homes, crops raised, acres farmed, closeness of mills and ferries. The Cherokee were growing tired of how the governments, both federal and state, were treating them so they ado pted the Cherokee Constitution of 1827 which s similar to that of the United States constitution but it also had some differences as well. The men who convened at New Echoed, the Cherokee capital in the summer of 1827, were no more representative of the Cherokees than the United States founding fathers were of the Americans. They were more likely to be wealthy, literate, and Christian than the average Cherokee (Purdue and Green, 58). The Georgia governor did not like the position that the Cherokee were trying to put together their own constitution and asked hot seat John Quince Adams to step in notwithstanding, prexy Adams would not.Since the President would not step in the Georgia Laws were created to try and force the hands of both President capital of disseminated sclerosis and the Cherokee Nation. These laws were designed to let both the United States and Cherokee Nation know that Georgia meant business and if need be they would take the land that the Cherokee people occupi ed by force because that land belonged to her. The testing of both the Cherokee Constitution and the Georgia laws would come when Georgia and the Supreme Court went to battle over the Georgia Guard arresting George Tassel a Cherokee citizen.Mr.. Tassel was arrested and convicted under Georgia law for murdering another Cherokee within the Cherokee Nation. The Cherokee Council went to the Supreme Court and challenged this ruling because they stated that Georgia law had no meaning in the Cherokee Nation. This however did not hold Georgia from executing Mr.. Tassel and it also didnt prevent them from creating more laws to make life even harder for the Cherokee Nation. The goal of Georgia from the very beginning had always been dispossessing the Cherokees so they could have Cherokee land.Georgia wanted the Cherokee gone and they thought they had found way when a federal agent realized that many of the wealthiest, including Principal Chief John Ross, had accepted reserves (individual or personal reservations) under the terms of the treaties of 1817 and 1819 (Purdue and Green, 84). To politicians within Georgia this meant that the Cherokee had no right to the land that they had acquired within the Nation in Georgia. Soon people who had start coming into Georgia and the Cherokee Nation and were considered the white intruders because they would push the Cherokee people out of their homes and off of their land.This was because Georgia had passed more laws were do it okay for people to Just come in and push the Cherokees off of their land. The Cherokee Nation was surveyed and plotted into lots lotteries were held for males, widows, orphans all of whom could obtain one ticket, however a veteran could obtain two tickets. Once the lotteries were held, names cadaverous and small fees paid those that won that piece of land could so go in and take it from the rightful Cherokee owners. In Defense of the Cherokees the William Penn Essays were actually industrial plant of Je remiah Averts, hive administrative officer of the large interdenominational missionary mob the American Board of Commissionaires for Foreign Missions (Purdue and Green, 103). These essays were in defense of the Cherokee and what Georgians people were doing to them it was also a way for other people to let the President and coition know how they felt about the treatment of the Cherokee people and the forceful removal that the Cherokee faced.These essays led to American women organize against removal with the lead role being taken by Catherine Beechen, who was not only an educator but a writer as well, she wrote anonymously on behalf of the Cherokee people. With her Journal articles she called for women to petition Congress to defeat the impending Indian Removal Act (Purdue and Green, 110-11). Opposition to Indian removal, therefore, politically em military forceed women in the United States and provided them with a public enunciate despite their disfranchisement (Purdue and Green , 111).However, Lewis Sacs Justifies removal because he was presumed to be the leading figure for United States Indian Policy this is because of his experience with the Great Lake Indians. Mr.. Sacs believes that if the Indians do not become civilized and remain uncivilized that they will perish. This led to Mr.. Sacs writing his tactile sensation of why he thought it necessary to remove the Cherokee from Georgia the Cherokee would not honor Georgia law. The Cherokee felt that they need only to obey Cherokee law Mr..Sacs disagreed with that thought and let it be known that the Cherokee would need to be removed if they could not follow state law. Congress Acts like a cluster of overbearing bullies Georgia finally gets what it wants and the Indian Removal Act is passed on May 28, 1830. The Indian Removal Act was not pretty in the fact that there was a bunch of bitter, emotional and exhausting lay out going on in both the House and the Senate. However, evil won out over good in the fact that the Bill passed and the President still refused to stand up for the Cherokee against Georgia.This is when Andrew Jackson applauds the Removal Act in his State of the Union address, December 8, 1829. Andrew Jacksons address publicly clarified his quotation of the sovereign rights of the states over the Indian country within their borders (Purdue and Green, 125). President Jackson ever felt as if the Cherokee or any Indian would or could be civilized. The Indians, therefore, had two choices They could emigrate beyond the Mississippi or adopt to the laws of those States (Purdue and Green 125). Women and removal in 1817 and 1818 had on two separate make Cherokee women choosing to speak up.They spoke up when it came to the removal and the allotment of lands. They did not want to move and they did not want any more land to be sold they felt as if they had done everything that they possibly could to follow what the President had wanted them to do. They had become farmers, man ufactured their own clothing, to have our children instructed. To this advice we have go to in everything as far as we were able (Purdue and Green, 133). So then Alias Biotins editorials in The Cherokee Phoenix took up the cause for the Cherokee people.The newspaper was for anyone who subscribed, so not only Cherokee, but United States citizens and British could read about the plight of the Cherokee people the paper would go into detail about Cherokee removal, symmetricalness from the President, Secretary of War and Principal Chief as well as the position of the Cherokee on removal. The Treaty of New Echoed was drawn up and it involved Alias Button, John Ridge, and other Cherokee leaders after the realisation that they would in all probability never receive the justice they deserved.This realization finally came after missionaries that had sided with the Cherokee had been coherent released by the Supreme Court and Georgia refused to do so. This new treaty set up sustenance for the Cherokee they would receive pay for their losses and provisions for the move. However, the the opposition continues with John Ross, Principal Chief for the Cherokee, trying everything that he knew to do to try and prevent the injustices that were being aired out against the Cherokee.He not only tried to get the Treaty of New Echoed thrown out because he claimed that the Treaty Party, behaved unethically, illegally, and undemocratically and he believed they had subverted the incontrovertible will of the people (Purdue and Green, 153). John Ross also tried his best to get more money for the land in the East, title to the land in the west guaranteed, alternatives to removal, and possibly deportation into Mexico so that the Cherokee people would be finished with the United States once and for all.None of these worked for John Ross o he took to writing about the injustices done to the Cherokee people not only by the United States but also by the Treaty Party, with the help of a frie nd John Howard Payne. The Treaty Partys Defense was taken up by Alias Button who along with the others whom had formed the Treaty Party believed that the only way for Cherokees to get out of their current maculation was to give up land. The Georgia Laws prevented the Cherokee from holding any type of elections or debates regarding the removal process and so therefore Button could not phonation his opinions or concerns for the Cherokee people.The only way that Button had to get his point crosswise was to start writing about what he felt the Cherokee people needed to hear in other publications. Button also felt that most Cherokee would and could not make rational decisions when it came to removal. This all led up to readjustment for the Cherokees which was not only a slow process but one that not many would take into consideration. The Cherokee that did enroll would revoke their citizenship and then there was the matter of discouraging others from signing the enrollment forms. With Georgia being so mad about the slowness of the move, President Jackson appointed n 1831 Benjamin F.Currency as chief enrolling agent. Mr.. Currency wanted to make the lives of the Cherokee Indians so bad that they would take to the move without further stall. However, forced removal would come to the Cherokee in the end they were forced into stockades in which many died before the move even began. or so of the missionaries whom had been with the Cherokee and had taken up their cause went along with them to the stockades. This move would prove to the Cherokee Just how much the missionaries cared for them and the situation that the United States had put the Cherokee people in.Even Jones was one of those missionaries and he would be placed in charge of one of the many detachments of Cherokee people when they finally start moving along the Trail of Tears. Once the move began the Cherokee people would be waiting to cross the Mississippi because of huge chunks of ice which made the dange rous river even more so. Some of the detachments of Cherokee would camp along the river as they waited for the thaw to occur this waiting was unbearable, extremely cold and very damp. These conditions were another reason some of the Cherokee would not make it to the new Cherokee Nation.The removal to the new Cherokee Nation was not only operose for the older Cherokee but also to the Cherokee children. Removal through a childs look was a very difficult thing to swallow the children see that their lives are not being valued by the United States. They are being forced to move once again from land that is rightfully their peoples some of them are also being separated from their families. For them it is probably difficult to represent the full extent of what is happening and some of them were told of what happened as they grew up because of their young age at the mime of the removal.Once the Cherokee finally reach their destination it is time for rebuilding the Cherokee Nation which s till consists of political turmoil however, the resilient Cherokee people are starting to rebuild their lives. Not only are they building homes, but they are farming, sending their children to school and attending council meetings. It is as if things are starting to become normal for them again they want to forget the quondam(prenominal) and look towards their future. Removal 150 years later is still something that should be taught and talked about. As you read of the things that theUnited States people did to the natives of this great country it is Just alarming to think that this is how this country began. In reading the Cherokee Removal it teaches you Just the shape of trials and tribulations that the Cherokee people went through. To think that the people of the United States called the Cherokee or other Indians uncivilized is a laughing matter if anyone in this country was uncivilized it would be the people who came in and took over what rightfully belonged to the natives. Ch erokee Removal is something that should have never been allowed to happen hey were here first.If the Cherokee rebelled they had every right to do so, they were losing everything that they had worked for to people who hadnt bring up a finger to do so. This brings me to a whole new realization that the great United States and her people back then were not so great, they were bullies, many of which would not stand up for what is right in this world. They wouldnt take a stand to those who thought that they could Just come in and take over a land that did not belong to them. People of power sometimes Just need a good cold lesson in manners and hats right and whats wrong.

British Influence in American Culture

To this day, the influence of early British colonists can be mat in multiple facets of American life. This is far more than can be said for the limited authority manifested in present day American culture in regard for Spanish colonialism and subsequent influence. Perhaps the just about glaring of influences credited to the country of Great Britain, is the fact that the English linguistic process remains the official prepare of communication throughout the whole of the country.Although Spanish is spoken extensively, currently with nearly 31 million speakers in the coupled States, this only accounts for approximately ten per penny of the population, whereas English accounts for nearly a full hundred per cent. Further support for the claim comes in the form of the countrys religious practices. Although the presence of a myriad of religions is a reality in America, by and large, Protestantism has been the focal point for many of its citizens, a direct result of British Anglicanism. Of all the religious bodies which were brought from the Old ground to the New during the entire colonial period, none received so oftentimes assistance from the mother country in gaining a foothold in America as did the Church of England . Additionally, it is possible to look to the architecture of just about American homes to establish the root influence responsible for them. Although more normal in the American southwest than in other regions, the so-called Spanish style can only account for roughly 7 per cent of designs.The Tudor style, of British origins is far more popular in the U. S. Bibliography. theology in Colonial America, William Warren Sweet. Cooper Square Publishers, 1965, NY. Colonial America, Richard Middleton. Blackwell Publishers, 1996, Cambridge, Masachusetts. American Colonies and the British Empire 1607-1763, Kenneth M. Stampp. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1834, NY. American Colonies, Alan Taylor. Viking Publishers, 2001, NY. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. HTTP//www. wikipedia. org

Electronic Bill Payment in Canada

1-Introduction In todays evolutionary world, where technology keeps on revolutionizing our everyday tasks, electronic vizor move overment and comprisement prolong a whole new electric charge process by offering online and accepted meter presentment of peaks and retribution natural selections. It offers great advantages and signifi dealtly improves guest bang and node relationship management. We impart cover the nurture found in an electronic appoint, followed by the process of a bill presentment. We allow briefly compargon handed-down paper- free-base bills and electronic bills.And and then, we testament expose the contrary parties mingled in an electronic bill presentment and payment, followed by the different evolution phases. The advantages and the risks associated with the adopting the EBPP or not. Finally we testament see the different users of EBPP in Canada. electronic transactions allow gradually become the principal system for some(prenominal) c onsumers and companies to pay their bills. The main business driver is the important cost reduction for billers from reducing manual work and paper, but it must too present an advantage to guests in order to be successful.For now, guests who have become customary to internet situateing atomic number 18 the prime ejectdidates for EBPP. On July 8, 2004, EPO Inc (Canada Posts e gestate) acquired Webdox, the that early(a) bill delivery service in Canada. Together they willing bear Canadians with a single EBPP service that will be iodine of the close to advanced of its kind in the world. Figure kick do Stages 2-Definitions Instead of the hassle of having to catch physical payments, electronic payments be payments make online. They are make with the pecuniary institutions website.electronic Billing is the electronic delivery and presentation of bills, invoices, and related tuition sent by a comp whatever to its customers. Instead of receiving paper bills through wi th(predicate) the mail, and then piece of writing come in and s terminateing a check, bills backside be received by e-mail, or openinged through the billers website. It is as well known as electronic Bill admittance and defrayment, or EBPP, which is a model establish on business-to-consumer. Electronic Invoice Presentment and allowance, or EIPP, is the equivalent for a business-to-business payment, however, we wint be overing it in this paper. The Electronic Bill Presentment & Payment (EBPP) model en fitteds customers of banks and cathexis companies to use the internet or the ph sensation to conveniently remit payments as nearly as access their billing information. It was created in the United-States by the Council for Electronic Billing and Payment (CEBP) of the National Automated clarification House Association (NACHA) The biggest and approximately obvious difference between EBPP systems and the traditional method of bill payment, is that of technology.Rather than rec eiving a bill through the mail, writing out and sending a check, consumers receive their bills in an email, or are prompted to examine a website to view and pay their bills 3-Content Creation and Bill Design on that point are several types of information in an electronic bill, most of which are the identical you would find in a traditional paper bill. First, it identifies the customer, or their authorized agent, in order to link this particular bill to the billers vizor receivable processes.It includes the name and address, the account number with the Biller (or any other information that the biller has de statusined to tell apart its customers like an ID number, username, or phone number), and the age period for the bill ( a week, or a month, or a year). Second, it states the quantity over collect from the customer, as well as any expound explaining new charges over the billing period if on that point are any for example, long distance phone bills contain details of each bid and other specific charges included in the add due. Third, it specifies the date when the lend amount is due.Fourth, it includes a period-to-period reconciliation of activity since the last bill or statement was produced, so that the customer is able to compare the differences. Fifth, it specifies the disclosure information from Biller to Customer, so that the Customer is advised of the disclosure policy of the biller. Sixth, the customer squeeze out view his previous bills and account activity history from prior billing cycles. The electronic bill is also an opportunity for advertising (which the biller controls) that help in cross selling and marketing the billers product and services.Finally, customer parcel out contact information is available in case a customer needs help or guidance. The term Bill Summary is mainly used to encompass the essential items Name, Amount due and due date. The term Bill Detail is used to include any of the remaining items, which a Biller may elect to send to its customers 4-Presentment of the Bill Process Transitioning from Paper-Based to Electronic Formats in that respect are five different methods of porting the printed documents and their information cloy to an online form that can be utilized by EBPP 1. Conversion to PDF format . Rasterization to GIF, JPG or PNG formats 3. Recomposition into hyper schoolbook markup language or XML 4. Conversion to normal HTML or XML 5. Translation to passing formatted HTML or XML Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the application, the organization will specify which method to use. i)Content Creation and Deployment In the bill-presentment head, the primary steps of content authoring and deployment are essential. The steps include creation of the content, content reviews, approving the content, modification of the content and lastly, the deployment of the content.Exhibit 1, illustrates the process confused in the content creation and deploy ment phase. The policies and procedures involved in the content creation and deployment require responsibilities to be pictureated to certain individuals to further guarantee that all aspects of the web scalawag are well reserveed. Developing an internal mood guide would serve to post the page layout, design elements and maintain consistency in terms of the look and feel of the web pages. The style guide would also facilitate the system by providing information on how to link one page to other pages. The creation of the web page (presentment) is rather straightforward.The true challenges arise when facing a number of issues, videlicet the maintenance of the web page in terms of the content of information and errors/breakdowns and up to date modifications (could be daily), as well as the class of the access network on which the web page is based. ii)Notification Notification about(predicate) the invoice can be delivered to the customer (bill payer) in a diverseness of ways . The most common method used is observance through e-mails. The customer receives an e-mail notifying them of the account balance or amount due. However, this method is particular in terms of its graphical presentation and potential.A more effective method of notifying the consumer of their invoice is to send the URL (link of the website) that contains the invoice in order to castigate the limitations of e- placard the invoice. The latest trend however in the recounting aspect of a bill is via mobile phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Instead of e-mailing the customer, the biller may crap a database for the clients phone numbers and send them text messages stating the amount due, the due date of the bill as well as any additional information the biller finds necessary to provide.In the traditional case of paper-based bills, notification is done through mailing the existing invoice to the customer/client. iii)Bill Presentment Under EBPP, bill presentment is the sta ge where the biller/consolidator delivers a copy of the actual bill to the customer/client in an electronically generated format. The bill may be presented with complete details of the invoice or as a summary of the details, depending on the extent and intensity of the details involved. Through bill presentment, the biller is able to communicate more effectively with the clients being billed.The reason wherefore interaction between the biller and the clients is enhanced is due to the ability of the biller to guide the customers to the areas of relate as well as study or better rede the clients preferences and trends. Electronic bill presentment may also assist the biller by improving brand loyalty by providing the clients with a well developed a compelling experience. Aspects concerning marketing and advertising can also be addressed by monitoring and controlling the quadruplet of the web page surrounding the area of the invoice.Additional aspects may be provided by making infor mation about pending orders, past payments as well as pending payments available. iv)Electronic Payment and nib This presents the last stage involved in EBPP. The Billers as well as the consolidators are required to provide the customers with various forms of payments in order to provide the customer with flexibility. Payments may be set to be do automatically or at the diplomacy of the customer. The types of payments may include Direct debit from accounts One- condemnation payments Check payments Online payments/ Electronic currency transfers Bank cards/ Credit card payments. Customers are also provided with the choice of making multiple payments to a single provider or one have payment for multiple services to the consolidator ( such as epost). The concept of Posting elevatedlights the documentation of the information on when the bill was paid, how the payment was made and the amount of the payment made for the services. Such information is then updated to the billers accou nts-receivables systems. 5-Comparison of Paper-Based and Electronic SolutionsExhibits 2 and 3 show the comparison between the paper based billing cycle and the electronic billing cycle. In both billing cycles (electronic and paper based), the creation of the bill goes through the identical stages Data collection, Mediation, judge and Content creation and bill design. In the stage of bill design and creation however, the bill is only formatted when its a paper based one, and printed when its an electronic bill. The main difference between the two cycles is at the stage of the Presentment of the bill.In the case of a paper based payment, afterward the bill is formatted, on that point is notification by regular mail and then the bill is presented. In the case of the electronic billing cycle, there is notification by internet and then theres an extra stage where the bill is converted onto a Web-friendly format, this is referred to as the Transition to Electronic stage. Finally, the bill is presented either by Web or printed and the check is sent to the biller if its a paper based bill, or the payment could be kill immediately and electronically in the case of an electronic bill. Parties Involved Billers, bankers, aggregators and consolidators implementing EBPP can play various roles in the overall EBPP process. Once roles are defined, it is easier to identify which model (aggregator, biller- submit or e-mail based) is most appropriate for the clients EBPP strategy. Billers may also implement more than one model in order to lift out serve their clients. Be ca-ca the industry is continuously changing and redefining, the fillings and opportunities for EBPP will continue to expand.There are several parties involved in the EBPP process The biller payment provider, or BPP, is the billers bank that receive payment and provides account receivable information. It is an agent of the biller that accepts remission informatio on behalf of the biller. The bill service provider, or BSP, provides EBPP services to the biller like posting bill details, consolidating bills and delivering them to the customer service provider, or providing bill summary ditribution. The customer service provider, or CSP, as it names implies, provides the customer with an interface for bill presentment.It enrolls them, enables presentment and provides customer care and support. They are contacted directly by the customer to help with a payment or receive general assist and answer questions. The Consolidator is a biller service provider that aggregates all the customers bills from multiple billers in one central website. An example of a consolidator is Canadas epost where the customer securely accesses the website to both view and pay his/her bills. It is advantageous in that the customers can view and pay all their bills at once. 7- Evolution PhasesThe prodigal paced development of the Internet (World Wide Web) has enabled the establishment of an environment where comp anies and customers have direct and immediate forms of communication. This made way to more effective and efficient methods to insure transactions between two or more parties. Services such as Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment (EBPP) were bound to spud place. The end result was replacing paper mail bills with electronic documents that served the same purpose, only in a more efficient light. In 1999, Canada post implemented the worlds first electronic post office, epost.This tack together Canada in the forefront of the Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment market. By providing a free and universally available service, epost dominated the e-billing market and provided solutions to umpteen Canadians. By 2002, the e-billing market was split between epost and Webdoxs, eposts main contender at the time. In July 2004, epost increased its market share through its eruditeness of webdoxs. This made epost Canadas main EBPP service provider and by the end of 2004, epost secured 1. 6 million registered users. However, despite the exploitation of the e-billing sector, the profits generated were not significant.The combined revenue of e-billing service providers, namely, epost, Innovapost and Canada post International Ltd. was $192 million in 2004, $18 million less(prenominal) than the previous year. in spite of the substantial drop in the revenues generated by e-billing service providers the prospects for the e-billing sector remained optimistic due to the high mountth potential of the e-billing sector. Canada post was aware of the fact that the average bill remunerative customer needed time to adapt to the new techniques provided by e-billings sector. endorse Canadas national purchasing study, How Business Buys, released May 2001, shows that e-commerce based billing and order processes will more than quadruple by 2005. Currently, e-billing accounts for only two percentage of corporate billing. Benefits include reduced internal cost and reduced time con sumption. Visa Study published by Allbusiness in 2001 (http//www. allbusiness. com/public-administration/1169884-1. html) In 2005, epost approached Canadas major financial institutions in order to implement the e-billing component through the financial institutions online banking element.Such a step would allow the banks clients to gain access to the same epost features (receiving, viewing, paid and storing bills online) directly from the financial institutions website. This in turn would enable epost to wee a larger market base of customers through the financial institutions. interrogation that focused on people who bank online shows they are increasingly valuable, long-term bank customers who are more likely to invest more gold and purchase additional services. These are the same customers that would be attracted to and benefit from EBPP.Its our goal to have every Canadian banking online, receive all their hypercritical mail online through epost. As stated by Roger Couldre y, president and chief executive officer of epost. By the end of 2005, epost had been integrated into many a(prenominal) of Canadas major financial institutions, namely Bank of Montreal (BMO Canadas first bank), CIBC, Laurentian Bank, Desjardins, Royal Bank of Canada monetary Group, National Bank of Canada, Scotia Bank and Toronto Dominion Trust. By targeting Canadas online banking customers, epost was able to effectively increase interest and use of the e-billing sector.According to statistics gathered by ComScore Media inflection in 2004, 11 million Canadians browsed their financial institutions website in order to access their financial information. Additionally, in 2003 Forrester Research found Canadians to be early adopters of Web-based financial services when compared to Americans. A large number of Canadians, 55 percent, used the web for banking/financial services composition only 37 percent of Americans used the internet for banking services. Such statistics set the ma rket base for epost and established the key basis for its inevitable expansion as Canadas laming EBPP service provider.Today EBPP is one of the most utilized concepts in trades union America, with a market of approximately 330 million regular users. Interest among Canadian businesses is growing at an overwhelming pace many are discovering that it is the most cost effective method to undertake the billing aspect of conducting business. Moreover, due to the ever increasing importance of preserving the environment, the implementation of the e-billing component would contribute to the cause of saving the environment by using less paper and producing less waste. 8- Advantages of EBPP )Benefits to the federations/implementers The implementation of EBPP has brought about many advantages for both the companies billing and the customers getting billed. The degree centigrade+ Canadian companies, now using eposts e-billing services, have experienced a number of advantages starting with del ivering bills to their customers instantly. This saves a substantial amount of time for the billers, since the mailing and processing floats will be significantly reduced, leading to quicker payments of bills, as well as reduced Days Sales Outstanding (DSO).This pith that bills will be collected faster by firms, enabling them to pay their suppliers earlier, hence enhancing the way in which business is conducted between a corporation and its paying clients by reducing the hard currency conversion period. Payments made by customers will be automatically linked to the corporations Accounts Receivables, providing the company with better control over its pending payments and overall cash position. Beyond the aspect of speed, the corporations costs of presentment will be significantly reduced, up to 80%.It would also abolish the costs of paper, printing and postage fees. With the lowest possible costs of payment processing, diffusion and collection of bills, firms will be reducing thei r costs effectively while increasing their profits. Additionally, the costs of implementing the e-billing component are relatively little, taking into account the vast cost reductions of implementing the system. Furthermore, EBPP will enable a corporation to mark its customers behavior, since customer needs will be unmingled through the usage of the features provided.The corporation will be able to carry through customer satisfaction by placing emphasis on and enhancing the features its customers appear to be utilizing the most. The corporation will also be able to reach its customers through the interactive statement messages system, which can be used as a tool for marketing and advertising new features, products and/or services. Furthermore, such a system can be used to get clients registered for recurring change payments each month/period as well as providing the option of non-recurring payments, such as a one-time bill.Taking into consideration the overall advantages provide d by the implementers of EBPP, it would be safe to say that the growth potential for the e-billing sector is enormous. Up until now, there are approximately 100 Canadian companies implementing the system. This number is expected to grow in time due to the vast number of advantages provided by EBPP. ii)Benefits to the customer Although most systems are designed to further benefit the company implementing them, EBPP is a tool for both the company and its clients.EBPP enables the customer to immediately self-activate (open) their account in order for them to make recurring periodic (monthly) payments. It ultimately saves the customer the time taken to physically mail or make the payment at their financial institution, and practically eliminates the mail float by allowing the customer to make payments immediately after viewing the bill online. EBPP is also flexible in the sense that it can be implemented in many different forms providing the customer with a vast number of ways to utiliz e its many features.EBPP gives the customer an array of drafting options, from customer-initiated payments to automatic drafts or even safe drafts if necessary. Customers can make the payments either through a consolidator such as epost, the corporation itself such as Rogers Telecom or through their bank such as Bank of Montreal. By giving the customer a wide range of choices, he/she can choose what they are most comfortable with in terms of security and quality of service.The number of errors made by the bill payers and the billers are also substantially reduced due to the ability of the platform to allow pre-filled customer interactive information to tally all content collected/distributed is correct. Additionally, epost provides its registered users with the option to store their bills for up to 7 years. This allows for maximum efficiency, the customer will no longer have to rush up his/her paper bills for future reference rather, they will have their bills stored online and sociable at all times. Security wise, EBPP is rather comprehensive.In order to gain access to an account, the account number and its matching password are required. Furthermore, it encrypts the information communicate from a computer to the designated server through Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology. This reduces the chances of occult information falling into the wrong hands. Overall, EBPP systems are usually designed to increase security and confidentiality in order to encourage users to share their personal financial information to streamline the activities involved in making payments for desired products/services. ii)Benefits to the surroundings Although the benefits to the environment are clearly visible, translating the benefits in terms of Greenhouse shove along (GHG) emission reductions would illustrate the concept in a more effective light. If Canadians were to replace 40% of their paper bills with electronic bills and only print 20% of the electronic bills, GHG emis sions would be substantially reduced by 10,500 tonnes per year. Replacing 80% of the paper bills and printing only 5% of the electronic ones would lead to 22,000 lashings of reduced GHG emissions.Such goals would serve to better preserve the environment and would reduce the amount of waste produced by a significant portion. Canadian businesses would end up saving approximately $1. 1 billion dollars in total. Doubling the implementations would lead to a $2. 2 billion reduction in expenditure by businesses increasing their overall profits while ensuring that their operations are in line with the environmental constraints of reducing waste/GHG emissions. 9-Risk Affiliated with the Adoption and Non-Adoption of EBPPBillers must take into consideration every type of billing presentment and payment the market offers today since it is their main ingredient to be successful. Therefore, billers have to offer the optimal billing presentment and payment that will bring customer satisfaction an d be convenient for the biller at the same time. After the introduction of Electronic Bill Presentment and Payments (EBBP) many billers are facing a dilemma of risk due to the adoption or non-adoption of EBPP.For instance, if the biller decides to adopt EBPP, there will be potential of non-acceptance from the billers customers after the implementation of EBPP and that will lead to a decrease in the profit margins because of lost customers. The biller baron also encounter fraud attempts especially because the bill will be electronically paid. Moreover, there might be a defect in the operational process of electronic presentment and payments such as a system freeze which will incur more costs on the behalf of the biller.Then again, if the biller decides not to implement the EBPP, the biller might be going against the markets new trend hence this will put the company in a competitive disadvantage. Therefore, the biller will start losing market share and this will reflect negatively as a decrease in the billers profit margins due to lost customers. 10- Users of EBPP in Canada (Business Sectors) Most businesses that implement EBPP provide their customers with services that require recurring payments, rather than a one-time payment (non-recurring).This implies that EBPP would be more convenient for service geared businesses that provide the customer with an current service, which would require the customer to make repeated payments. Businesses operating in the next service providing sectors would greatly benefit from the implementation of EBPP, since all forms of viewing/paying the bill would be streamlined and undertaken from one location. i)Telecommunications Service Providers ii)Utilities Service Providers iii)Visa/ subdue Procurement cards iv)Banks and financial institutions v)Insurance providers vi)Postal Industries 11-ConclusionElectronic Bill Presentment and Payment offers a streamlined method of payment, which is very advantageous for both the billers and their clients and notably the environment. Moreover, it considerably reduces costs and the amount of time to make a payment. Despite the drawbacks or risks of implementing EBPP, the benefits clearly outweigh the disadvantages. We believe that by 2015 paper bills will probably be inexistent in Canada, due to the expectations of recessions, companies will realize that they will save a lot of money by implementing the e-billing component, despite its high implementation costs.EBPP is the next trend for all businesses, and is expected to become the specimen form of bill presentment and payment. 12-References http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_July_8? pnum=3&opg=n6098705&tag=artBodycol1 http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2004_July_8/ai_n6098705 http//cebp. nacha. org/documents/ebpp-buspractices-2-1. pdf www. cdnpay. ca www. wikipedia. ca http//www. bce. ca/data/documents/responsibility/innovating_toward_a_low_carbon_canada. pdf Margaret Tan (2005). E-paymen t The digital Exchange. NUS Press Kornel Teplan (2003). Electronic Bill Presentment an