Essay --

EFL students always oblige comprehension problems in perceive for many complicated reasons. The sense of hearing materials are considered to be in addition fast and vari competent for EFL students, especially for the beginning language learners. Renandya and Farrell (2011) believed that any increase in speech rate tends to result in a decrease in comprehension (p. 53). Whats more, when the speaker modifies the sound or blend several words together when they are speaking, listeners will get confused. When we talk with others outside class, communication seems much easier compared with the in-class formal listening practice, and that is because face-to-face communication is a two-way listening. If we have any difficulty or miss any information, we can tardily go back and ask the speaker to speak more slowly and clearly, or to repeat the information. In this case, listening is not that difficult. On the contrary, formal listening exercises are usually one-way tasks listeners canno t get any extra clue except the listening material itself. This is even more difficult for beginning listeners, and they have nothing to do except following the so-called good listeners strategies, which are actually in marrowive for them. According to traditional listening researches, the lower-level listener should be able to solve their comprehension problems by themselves with a lot of formal strategy training. However, the reality is a different situation. In this article, Renandya and Farrell (2011) stated that the traditional training of listening strategies is very popular, but many problems still exist. For example, it is a great burden for teachers to acquire many different strategies and theories in order to train their students and the so-called effective listen... ...few projects instead, students at different language proficiency levels should have their own listening plans and designs. For those beginning learners, easier and more interesting listening resources wou ld be appropriate. They may listen to kids songs catch out cartoons and movies with simpler conversations listen to podcast or read latest news that they are interested in and communicate with their classmates and friends. Their focus should be on fluency and adequacy. For those at higher(prenominal) proficiency level, more complicated video and audio resources could be a good try, and they may also focus on complexity. Teachers should also notice that, extensive listening does not only refer to outside class and self-monitoring activities. Teachers must take charge of some tasks in order to better control the effect and guide students to practice toward the correct direction.

Isaac Asimovs Foundation - Cycles of History :: Isaac Asimov Foundation

Isaac Asimovs tail end - Cycles of History Foundation is a novel throughout which the cycles of history are present. Isaac Asimovs peculiar notions on how change in the environment affects the spirit of historical change are present throughout this novel. Asimov uses principles of Marxism to fabricate his future history. Asimov also creates a future political structure modeled on the popish Empire. According to Jean Fielder, one of the greatest influences on Asimovs Foundation novel is Gibbons Decline and Fall of the roman Empire. This parallel is most discernible as Foundation depicts the gradual disintegration of a great empire, the concomitant rise in regional trade, and the eventual consolidation of political and economic power in the art city- (or planet-) states. And, like a history, "Foundation focuses on mass movements rather than on individual actions"(Fiedler 59). In Foundation, the Galactic Empire is the gradually disintegrating great empire, just as the Ro man Empire is the disintegrating empire in Gibbons work. And, as in Gibbons history, the Foundation builds a trading empire that later unites the planets together. Many popular histories seem to focus on the empire-builders military conquests. However, in Foundation, Asimovs history of the future "makes the cogent point that the true tools of empire-building are economic and socio-political development" (Fiedler 57). This principle is shown through the use of the Seldon Crises. Most often, the resolutions to these crises are a unique mix of psychological manipulation and technological usage. For example, the Galactic religion provides a means of psychologically manipulating the people of the galaxy to become unfree upon the technological sophistication of the Foundation. Much of Asimovs Foundation is based upon Marxism and the Marxist principle of historical materialism. In Charles Elkinss opinion, these Marxist ideas include the old puzzle of historical inevitability (predestination) versus free will, which itself flows out of the often unsuccessful yet desperately necessary-and therefore always repeated-struggles of men to control their personal futures and the futures of their societies.(Elkins 100) These ideas are shown throughout Foundation, and in position are the basis behind most of the heroic characters. Characters like Hober Mallow, Salvor Hardin, and Limmar Ponyets epitomize men who struggle to control their futures (Elkins 105). These men devote their lives to doing their part to serve up Seldons Plan to be a success, but in reality, they are a planned part of Seldons plan to help the Foundation succeed.

Kiss Bow or Shake Hands Essay -- Essays Papers

Kiss Bow or Shake HandsThe curb Kiss, Bow, or Shake Hands, is written specific exclusivelyy with those doing international course in mind. It is essentially a guide to over sixty countries and an explanation of their society and ethnic customs. Knowledge of those with whom you are doing business non only can help avoid costly blunders it can also give you an advantage when dealing with them. The authors come upon that there are three main factors that effect how people act, think, and make decisions. The first is religion, in some countries faith plays an important role in all areas of life in the culture of the area and can influence many of their customs and behavior. The second factor is that of fact. In many countries their greatest desire is to start the best deal and the best product or services. The final factor is feeling, if a culture is based on feelings the people will conduct business accordingly. For example it would be essential to make a personal connection wi th this type of individual.The rest of the book is spent discussing each of the countries in detail. For each country the authors give a brief explanation of the history of the culture. Then they give tips on what each country expects from a visiting businessman. This includes tips on whether or not it is okay to be late for meetings, proper behavior during a business lunch or dinner, and how to properly address people you come in inter-group communication with during your business trip. They also give a guide t...

What does religion do for us? :: essays research papers

What exactly does religion do for us? Sure, its a nice concept that makes one believe in other worldly things. Spirits and angels flood the heads of many children whose parents partake in the average slice and dice of Catholic smorgasbords, only when what does it do for their souls? Are they all just workaholics who need a reason to be the way they are, or are they monsters merely extending a strange and open faade in order to gain acceptance in the afterlife? All the same, religion does have its effect on many.What we sess be sure of is that the preachers believe in what theyre saying. Or do they? The display of onerous, burdensome stages of guilt seem to plague most of the bible passages, but no harm is seen in the acceptance of these. Sure they are all hand-me-downs of rinse cycle lives, but who is the one to blame for all this? Is it God? Or is there one to blame for all of this? What kind of question is to be answered by this cunning display of fortitude? The fact that their focus determines their reality has zero point to do with the audience captivated by the stunning repetition so often spoke, but it often is said that it does. One should believe in such a myth because of its popularity and outright approval.Could the choir have something to do with why religion is so popular? Do angelic voices seem to enslave mans ideals and eschew them to the furthest reaches of space, or is that done himself? One must come to believe in a God he cannot see because of the hymns blissfully sung by the elder women who have retired many years ago and have nothing better to do with their time than go to choir practice. In these extraordinary hymnals, flock are told how much God and Jesus love them, and that the soul is free to choose its place. It makes one wonder if they have a soul.

Management Development - Reviews & Appraisals :: Business and Management Studies

Management Development - Reviews & AppraisalsIntroductionManagement development is used so that they the company can motivatetheir ply, so that the performance of their workforce will beimproved.Therefore it is used to improve the performance of the business sothat their plowshare price increases and they will attract more(prenominal)shareholders and their sales and profits will be increased, this will in any case mean that the shareholders will give paid not bad(predicate) dividends.Due to that happening their stakeholders will be showing more interestin the business, which means that they will be able to employ staffmore easily so that they will have a wider range of candidates tochoose from so they can employee a larger range of highly skilledstaff. object of assessment schemesAs it is said that the main problem that arises with an judgmentscheme is the confusion over the objectives that are set.Mainly it can be said that an appraisal scheme is used to developstaff by giving information for progression and resource planning, aswell as being able to keep back out and state the weaknesses ofperformance.It helps to provide data that can relate to the salary that a memberof staff should be paid and the improvements and chances that need tobe make to staff to meet the required standards and improve them forthe future.As well as helping to show whether the staff should havetraining/career planning and if so what they need in relation to itand how the communication can be improved between the manager andmember of staff, especially in relation to general feedback.Methods of Reviewing and appraisal schemesIt has been said that appraisals are the most suitable methods ofreviewing employees for management and supervisory staff. Increasingly clerical, secretarial and manual staffs with skilled ortechnical jobs are now also being appraised.There are many different people within a business who may carry out anappraisal the appraisers are sometimes called raters. Be low I haveshown a list of the people who may carry out an employees appraisal,with explanation about them ad why they would be chosen -Self-appraisalThis is quite a new idea to the process of development. It is not ahighly used form of reviewing.With self-appraisals, which is pretty self explanatory, the member ofstaff will perform a self-analysis in the traditional appraisalschemes, although there is the involvement of the superior whosedecision officially counts.The ratings that the employee gives themselves maybe changed, but solitary(prenominal)in the light of the workers notes.Peer-appraisalThese are said to be the majority of the time a very reliable method

Management Development - Reviews & Appraisals :: Business and Management Studies

Management Development - Reviews & AppraisalsIntroductionManagement development is used so that they the company can motivatetheir staff, so that the performance of their workforce provide bebetter.Therefore it is used to improve the performance of the business sothat their share price increases and they result attract moreshareholders and their sales and profits will be increased, this willalso mean that the shareholders will give paid good dividends.Due to that happening their stakeholders will be showing more residein the business, which means that they will be able to employ staffmore easily so that they will have a wider range of candidates to look at from so they can employee a larger range of highly skilledstaff.Purpose of idea intentsAs it is said that the main problem that arises with an appraisalscheme is the confusion over the objectives that are set.Mainly it can be said that an appraisal scheme is used to developstaff by giving randomness for progression and resour ce planning, aswell as being able to make out and state the weaknesses ofperformance.It helps to provide data that can relate to the allowance that a memberof staff should be paid and the improvements and chances that need tobe made to staff to meet the required standards and improve them forthe future.As well as helping to show whether the staff should havetraining/career planning and if so what they need in relation to itand how the communication can be improved between the manager andmember of staff, especially in relation to general feedback.Methods of Reviewing and appraisal schemesIt has been said that appraisals are the most suitable methods ofreviewing employees for management and supervisory staff. increasingly clerical, secretarial and manual staffs with skilled ortechnical jobs are now also being appraised.There are many different people within a business who may carry out anappraisal the appraisers are some times called raters. Below I haveshown a list of the people w ho may carry out an employees appraisal,with explanation about them ad why they would be chosen -Self-appraisalThis is quite a new idea to the process of development. It is not ahighly used form of reviewing.With self-appraisals, which is pretty self explanatory, the member ofstaff will perform a self-analysis in the traditional appraisalschemes, although there is the involvement of the superior whosedecision officially counts.The ratings that the employee gives themselves maybe changed, but onlyin the light of the workers notes.Peer-appraisalThese are said to be the majority of the time a very reliable method

Recrystallization and Melting Point Determination

Consider what happens when a solid material is laid in a ups calefactory in which it has a low solvability. Not much A small fraction of the solid will terminate, b atomic number 18ly the rest will proficient sit in that location. (Actually, it doesnt just sit there since an equilibrium is in effect, with solid molecules going into antecedent, and an equivalent number of send awayd molecules reforming solid, but we see the same amount of unmelted material). How evoke we get the entire solid to dissolve? One way is to heat the origin most materials ar much soluble in thermal consequence than in cold.Suppose we heat to the boiling temperature of the resolving (the highest temperature which is practical), and the entire solid goes into solution. If we now let the solution cool, what will happen? Obviously, at much or less temperature, the concentration of solute will exceed its solubility, and the solid will start to come back out of solution it will crystallize. By the time we return to the initial temperature, nearly all of the original material has make crystals, which can be pull backd from the resolve by filtration. instantly, suppose that the original solid contained small amounts of impurities.These would go into solution as well, but since the impurities are present only in small amounts, they asseverate soluble when the temperature is discredited again. Thus, the crystals, which come out of solution, are more pure than the original sample. This is the essence of purification by recrystallization (Fig. 1). pic Figure 1 An impure solid in (A) cold declaration in which it has low solubility, (B) settlement that has been warmed up to dissolve all of the solid, and (C) final result that has cooled down to the original temperature.The crystallized solid is now pure, while the impurities remain in solution. Recrystallization Recrystallization is the preferred rule for purification of complete solids. The technique can be used fo r large or small quantities of materials, and is usually very effective and efficient. The most important sentiment of the recrystallization technique is the selection of the solvent. A large number of solvents are commonly used for recrystallization of organic aggregates. Among these are water, ethanol, ethyl ether, and hexane to name just a few.A solvent, which works beautifully for one recrystallization, may be totally unsuitable for purification of a different mingled the choice for recrystallization solvent is made on a oddball-by-case basis. This is because of the variation of solubility of different organic compounds in these solvents. We can identify a set of characteristics which are plummy for a recrystallization solvent 1. The substance to be purified mustiness(prenominal) have a high solubility in the solvent at its boiling omen, and a significantly diminished solubility at lower temperatures (limited only by the freezing temperature of the solvent).Obviously, t he first part is necessary so that you can get the material into solution, and the second part is essential so that the purified compound will come back out of solution. 2. The solvent should dissolve the impurities at all temperatures. Actually, its OK if the impurity dissolves readily or doesnt dissolve at all, as well see. The important point here is that purification will be accomplished only if the impurities remain in solution as the concoction is cooled.This isnt too hard to accomplish if the amount of impurity is small. Obviously, its a bit more difficult if a large amount of an impurity is present, but if the solubility characteristics of the desired substance are sufficiently different from the impurity, as is ofttimes the case, a suitable solvent can usually be found. 3. The solvent must non react with the substance to be purified. Its hard to get your compound to come back out of solution when it is consumed by a reaction. 4. A jolly volatile solvent is preferred.This consideration is dictated by the need to ultimately remove traces of solvent from the crystals, and this is most easily accomplished by evaporation, either at style temperature or in an oven. Even with an oven to aid in the drying, only moderate temperatures can be used, since you should stay to a lower place the melting temperature of the solid, and definitely below temperatures where the material will decompose. Generally speaking, solvents with boiling temperatures below 150C are OK. 5. Ideally, the solvent should be inexpensive, non-toxic, and non-flammable.These are not absolutely required, but desirable characteristics, which can help to determine the choice of a solvent. Obviously, water is an ideal choice based on these criteria, and is the preferred solvent if it satisfies conditions 1-4. How does one go to the highest degree choosing the proper solvent? If you are dealing with a known compound, it makes sense to use solvents that have been used before. You can go to th e CRC Handbook of Chemistry and physics (printed or online), and frequently a solvent suitable for recrystallization will be indicated.This may show up in two places First, in the column headed color, crystallized form is very much listed the solvent used to obtain the crystals in question. Otherwise, you can move to the columns near the right-hand side of the page, which deal with solubility. The CRC has changed its presentation of solubility info over the years. For this purpose, the older editions (before 1980) are significantly better than the recent ones. Whereas the new editions simply list solvents in which the compound is soluble, the older ones provide more information, which can be useful in selecting a crystallization solvent.Qualitative indicators for solubility in various solvents range from i (insoluble), d (slightly), s (soluble), to v (very). especially useful is the fact that some solvents are given two listings, one for hot solvent, the other for cold. What if y ou are working with a brand-new compound, which is often the case? Here, the only thing to do is try different solvents. The choice of solvents is often more art than science everybody has their personal favorites based on their own experience, but those mentioned above are typical solvents to try. A small amount of the solid is placed in a test-tube and a few drops of cold solvent are added.If the solid dissolves, you can forget this solvent you need low solubility at low temperature. If the solid remains, so far, so good, but this is only the beginning. Now the sample is warmed to the boiling point. If the solid dissolves, things look good. The next test is to let this solution cool, and to see if nice crystals actually form. If they do, youre in luck. Further tests with this solvent on larger samples of material can then determine whether the desired degree if purification is achieved, and if the loss of material is acceptable. Sometimes, though, no crystals form.This may be a problem with the rate of crystal nucleation that event where the first few molecules get together to form the growing crystal. A trick which often works in this case is to take a glass rod and rub vigorously the wall of the test-tube just below the solvent come forward. Often, this will stimulate crystal formation, presumably because some of the microscopic scratches serve as nucleation sites. Alternatively, the solution can be seeded with a few tiny crystals of the substance (if these are available), and then to allow the solution to stand undisturbed until crystal formation is complete.If no crystals form, you must consider the possibility that the substance is too soluble in this solvent, and the fact that it did not dissolve at first may simply be because it dissolves very slowly. If this is the case, its back to the drawing board with a new solvent. A not-uncommon result is for the solute to separate from solution as an oil which will not crystallize. This annoying situation arises particularly for low-melting solids and frequently results when the solution becomes saturated at a temperature higher than the melting point of the solute.A remedy which is often effective is to ensure that separation does not occur until the solution has cooled below this melting temperature, either by using more solvent or by switching to a different solvent. Once this is settled, scratching and/or seeding are often helpful for obtaining crystalline product. Quite often, a unmarried solvent which gives suitable results cannot be identified. In such cases, the use of mixed solvents (solvent pair) is often successful. Two solvents are chosen, one which dissolves the substance readily, and another in which the solute is only sparingly soluble.Note that the two solvents must be completely miscible. The usual procedure is to dissolve the crude solid in the better solvent at its boiling point, and to add the weaker solvent dropwise until a faint cloudiness persists, indicating that the solute is starting to come out of solution. A few drops more of the better solvent are then added to put the solute back into solution, and the mixture is allowed to cool to effect crystallization. Typical solvent pairs are water and ethanol, or hexane and benzene, where the weaker solvent is listed first.These mixed solvent systems are interesting it seems that the solubility characteristics of the better solvent dominate at higher temperatures, while the mixture behaves more like the weaker solvent at lower temperatures. Once the crystallization solvent is chosen, consideration can be given to other features of the crystallization process. The idea is to maximize the recovery of purified compound. Enough solvent must be used to keep the impurities in solution, but if an excessive amount of solvent is used, a large part of the desired compound will remain in solution, and the recovery will be low.For this reason, the minimum amount of hot solvent which will dissolve the desired compound should be used. It is practicable to foster improve the recovery of material by harvesting a second crop of crystals. After the purified crystals have been separated by filtration, the filtrate (called the mother liquor) is concentrated by evaporation of 1/2 2/3 of the solvent. On cool, more of the compound will crystallize, and this can be isolated by filtration. The purity of these crystals is in the main not as good as the original crop, since the concentration of the contaminants in the mother liquor is always increasing.The proper apparatus for recrystallization is the Erlenmeyer flask. A beaker is not appropriate. The fig of the Erlenmeyer flask allows swirling of the mixture without sloshing, and the conical walls tend to condense and return refluxing solvent. The flask should not be overfilled about 60% of the listed capacity is the maximum, and so the flask mint should be chosen accordingly. Decolorizing a Solution and Hot Filtration Special proble ms are posed by insoluble impurities and highly colored, resiny contaminants.The best way to remove insoluble material is to strain the hot mixture, while the desired material is dissolved. Insoluble debris will be trapped on the pervade paper. The colored, resinous impurities are usually large, relatively polar organic molecules which have a strong tendency to be adsorbed on surfaces. Crystals grown from solutions containing such resins are often discolored by surface contamination by these materials, and it is therefore desirable to also remove them from the solution before recrystallization.They can be taken care of by addition of a small amount of powdered, activated wood coal (Norit or Darco, also decolorizing carbon) to the hot solution before filtering. Decolorizing carbon has a huge surface area, and readily absorbs the colored impurities. The hot filtration then removes the charcoal the filtrate, now free of this contamination, is allowed to cool and deposit crystals. T he decolorizing/hot filtration procedure requires some care. First, the addition of the powdered charcoal to hot solvent can cause a vigorous foaming which may result in loss of some of the solution.This can be keep downed if the hot solution is allowed to cool for 15-20 seconds, and the charcoal is added cautiously. Only a small amount of charcoal is required add too much and significant amounts of the desired compound will also be absorbed, and low recovery will result. After addition of the charcoal, the mixture should be heated to a gentle boil for a few minutes, to ensure that any compound which might have precipitated during cooling is brought back into solution. Filtration of the hot mixture must be done rapidly to avoid crystallization of material on the filter paper or in the funnel.The setup depicted in Figure 2 shows how the filter can be kept hot during filtration. The speed of filtration is enhanced by the use of a fluted filter paper and a stemless funnel. Fluting a filter paper is organic chemistry origami and the process is best demonstrated in person. A fluted paper uses the entire surface area of the filter paper, and therefore filters more rapidly than the stuffy conical fold. The stem of a funnel is susceptible to clogging by formation of crystals, so a stemless funnel is used.To minimize crystallization in the filter paper it is common to place a small amount of solvent in the receiving flask, and to heat this to boiling during the filtration. The hot vapors help to keep the filter warm. In addition, it is prudent to use about 10% more than the minimum amount of solvent, to account for evaporation during the heating, and to allow for the small amount of cooling which will occur. Finally, the mixture should be poured onto the filter in small portions which will filter within about 30 s, so that excessive cooling does not occur. The pic remainder of the mixture is kept heated until it can be poured on the filter.When all of the solvent ha s been filtered, it is a good idea to rinse the flask and filter with a small portion of fresh, hot solvent (5 10% of the volume already used). This will help to dissolve and pass through the filter any material which has crystallized. The filtrate should be collected in an appropriately sized Erlenmeyer flask. Some crystals may have formed in the flask by the end of the filtration, but these are often very small and not well formed. They should be dissolved by warming the filtrate. The best crystals are obtained by slow cooling without agitation of the solution.Therefore, the filtrate should be placed in a spot where it can remain undisturbed as it cools. The mouth of the flask may be loosely stoppered, but this is normally not necessary. Crystal growth is normally well along by the time the mixture reaches room temperature. Further cooling in an ice-water bath will cause additional crystallization. Crystals come in a variety of shapes and sizes long needles, blocky prisms, and fl at plates are common. Slow crystal growth not only gives the most pleasing display the product is generally purer. Too-rapid crystallization generally leads to smaller, more poorly formed (and less pure) crystals. pic Vacuum Filtration Once crystal formation is complete, the product is isolated by vacuum filtration.This technique permits fast and efficient removal of the mother liquor. A special flat-bottomed funnel (a Buchner funnel) is used in conjunction with a heavy-walled Erlenmeyer flask with a sidearm called a filtering flask. The apparatus is illustrated below (Figure 3). A circularize of filter paper, small enough to lie completely flat on the perforated base of the Buchner funnel, but large enough to cover all of the holes, is placed in the funnel, and moistened with a small amount of solvent to hold it in place.With the vacuum on, the cold crystallization mixture is poured as rapidly as possible onto the filter paper. It helps to swirl the flask a few times to loosen the crystals, and with a little bit of skill the entire mixture can be deposited on the filter, with only a few stray crystals adhering to the walls of the flask. The mother liquors are rapidly drawn into the filter flask by suction, and the crystals are squeezed dry of solvent by pressing with a clean cork while drawing air through them. Now, this procedure does not remove all of the mother liquor. Invariably, there is a film of solvent coating the surface of the crystals.Since the mother liquor contains impurities, this must be washed away with fresh solvent. The crystals are washed as follows the suction is stopped and enough fresh, cold (why? ) solvent is added to just cover the crystals in the funnel (this solvent can be used to rinse the pass few crystals out of the crystallization flask). The crystals should be stirred gently with a glass rod or a spatula so that all come in contact with the wash liquid, then the vacuum is restarted and the crystals sucked and pressed dry as be fore. In some cases, it may be necessary to repeat the wash a 2nd time.Air is drawn through the crystals until they are as dry as possible, at which time they are spread on a contain glass for further drying in the air or in an oven. The steps in recrystallization can be summarized 1. Dissolve the crude material in a minimum amount of hot solvent. 2. Treat with decolorizing charcoal. 3. separate out hot solution to remove charcoal and other insoluble impurities. 4. Cool to effect crystallization 5. Filter crystals, wash to remove adhering mother liquor. 6. Dry crystals to remove last traces of solvent. Melting Point Determination Once we have purified a solid, how do we establish that the product is, in fact, pure?Undoubtedly, the simplest criterion for purity is determination of the melting point, or more accurately, the melting range. Strictly speaking, the melting point is defined as the single temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid phase of a compound is equal t o the vapor pressure of the solid phase, and so the liquid and solid are in equilibrium. These values are actually rather difficult to measure. Much simpler is the determination of the capillary melting range, which, as the name implies, is the temperature interval over which the compound is found to melt.Since, during the melting process, the system is not at equilibrium, this is not identical to the true melting point, but the values are normally very similar. In fact, most of the melting points in the literature are actually capillary melting point ranges. An important distinction is that the latter is always presented as a range of two temperature readings, from the temperature where melting is first observable to that where melting is complete. For pure compounds, complete melting normally occurs over a very narrow range, often

Political Issues Relating to Immigration Essay

Re deedion to the in-migration problem in the United States is as diverse as the wad living in the country. There are common public and political opinions on immigration there is also situationual information, which alters positions. The media plays a major employment in how people react to the issue of immigration in the United States of America. There is a lot of news lately with a focus on immigration and undocumented persons in the United States. Illegal immigration has been present in the United States for a long time. The first law that the United States had against persons entree the United States was against convicts or prostitutes to enter the country. From 1892 to 1954 Ellis Island admitted over 12 gazillion legal immigrants. Now the United States has quotas on how many can migrate to the country. Illegal immigration became more of a problem being awaited at in the twentieth century. Then End Illegal Immigration group states, Today, over one million immigrants enter our country per year, while illegal alien population rows by most five hounded thousand per year (End Illegal Immigration, April, 2011).In May of 2011, the up-to-the-minute version of the DREAM Act was introduced. The DREAM Act was first introduced in March 2009. This act stands for the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Acts. The Dream act would reenact two major changes in current law. The first would permit some immigrant students who grew up in the United States to apply for temporary legal status and last obtain permanent legal status and become eligible for U.S. citizenship if they go to college or serve in the U.S. military. The second would eliminate a federal grooming that penalizes states that provide in-state tuition without regard to immigration status (National Immigration Law Center, 2011). Immigration has been a constant problem politically for elected officials. There cannotbe mass deportations we cannot control every inch of the United States telephones. Presidents and Congress try their hardest to develop new ideas or to improve old ideas on how to get the border control situation under what it should be, under control. One article from US News states, Why, then, have we had so many Latin Immigrants, many of the illegal?Because of the utensil of state has proved weaker that market focus The old INS (now the CIS) and the understaffed Border Patrol have been among our least competent federal bureaucracies. And because the family unification provisions of the 1965 act allowed legal immigrants to bring in not just young children but also other relatives (chain migration), and because the Fourteenth Amendment makes anyone born in the United States a citizen. (Barone, 2007). Problems such as these could be avoided in the future. Due to this opinion, I am forced into seeing that America is forcing this problem of undocumented immigrants on itself. more of the articles tack are biased on this view. The subject is sensitive f or those that are illegal immigrants as well as American persons. Most articles are biased and the absolute majority is on the American side. An example, one article read called Adverse Impacts of Massive and Illegal immigration on the United States, Blondell states, Data has long been collected about the cost to American taxpayers from illegal immigration and the presence of low skilled immigrants (2008)Statements like this are clearly on the side of the American people. For the most part, the write uses objective means to portray the undocumented immigrants. This articles biasness does affect the view on how many see the undocumented immigrants. Due to the articles, some look at the immigrants as criminals, sometimes murderers, or as if they are lower than life and not worth our time. It is not fair to judge or be judged for the exact same thing the colonists came to America from England and what this country was founded. There are numerous issues revolving around undocumented i mmigrants being in the United States. One of the biggest concerns surrounds the fact that of the economic cost. Taxpayers see the cost as unnecessary and unjust and unfair. The many illegal immigrants put a major dent in taxpayers accounts when it comes to health care and education. The taxpayers put out approximately $15-$20 billion dollars per year to provide for illegal immigrants to have a better life in the United States. Many will argue that having the illegal immigrants pick our fruits,vegetables and work on the farms are keeping the cost of produce down due to the fact that wages compensable are much lower than minimum wage. Blondell states For every dollar spent, just 18 cents go to the farmer and one-third of the cost, or 6 cents, goes to the migrant laborer. even off if costs for farm workers increased 40 percent, the total increase in cost per household would be about $8 a year. A $1.80 contribute of lettuce would increase in price by at most, 10 cents. (2008). Another issue that is felt to stem from immigrants is crime. In reality they are breaking the law by crossing the border without the official papers. There are many other laws they are breaking if one sits back and thinks about it. They are evading taxes, works without permits, and faking identities. By this, using fraudulent identification cards, social security cards or drivers licenses. There are also environmental issues meet this issue. These issues include poverty and language barriers. With the language barriers, it makes it very difficult to educate these people on the way of American people.As a manager, I would sine qua non my employees to be comfortable with everything around them. I would ask them if they were comfortable and what could be done to help the situation. I feel it is important for the staff to feel good and comfortable in the environment that they come to everyday to make a living for themselves. I would also maker sure that no hurtful statements were utter and not allow stereotyping. I would want my employees to get to know apiece other and be open with each other. I would encourage them to respect each other and the differences we all bring to the table. As much as we do not like it, illegal immigration is here and there does not expect to be to much being done to stop it. As a country, we should be open to change, but at some point we have to closelipped the gaits and take care of what we already have here.ReferencesBarone, M. (2007). U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved from http//www.usnews.com/usnews/opinion/articles/070527/4barone.htm Blondell, J. (2008). Adverse impacts on massive and illegal immigration in the United States. The diary of Social, Political, and Economic Studies, 33(3), 328-350. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/216799786?accountid=458 End IllegalImmigration. (April, 2011). History of Illegal Immigration in U.S. Retrieved from http//www.endillegalimmigration.com/history_of_Illegal_Immigration_in_U S/ National Immigration Law Center. (2011, May). Dream Act Summary. Retrieved from http//nilc.org/dreamsummary.html

Operational Environment

It is imperative that commanders and leaders possess a thorough understanding of their respective dynamic operational Environment (OE) in parade to efficiently lend oneself available resources to achieve the desired end state. Understanding the physical environment, the state of governance, technology, local resources and the culture of the local populace is absolutely vital and failure to do so leaves little chance for success. When considering the OE the sideline factors need to be examined ideology, religion, race, ethnicity, patriotism and physiological needs.Obtaining the necessary information will only be achieved as a result of a time consuming process that entails speaking with members of the local governance and the local populace of which patience is paramount. Given our current Contemporary Operational Environments (COE) of Iraq and Afghanistan probably the most important factor to understand is religion. It is imperative that commanders have a thorough understanding of the desired end state which is to rebuild the field and not force western culture upon them in the process. Agreeing with their culture or beliefs is inconsequential.Commanders at all levels are obligated to ensure that this end state is intelligibly stated and understood by everyone at all levels in order to show the local populace that are intentions are clear and that our efforts are sincere. gibe to FM 3-0 the OE should be analyzed utilizing the following inter cerebrate operational variables political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment and time (PMESII-PT). These variables stomach a view of the operational environment that emphasizes its benevolent aspects.It is suggested that whenever possible commanders and staff utilize specialists in each variable in order to improve analysis. The political analysis also addresses the effect of will. Will is the direct intangible factor it motivates participants to sacrifice to persevere a gainst obstacles. The military variable includes the military capabilities of all armed forces within the OE. The economic variable encompasses individual and congregation behaviors related to producing, distributing and consuming resources.Cultural sensation falls within the social variable and helps identify points of friction within populations, helps build rapport and reduces misunderstandings. Ensuring that the importance of cultural awareness is emphasized at all levels can improve a forces ability to accomplish its mission and provide insight into individual and group intentions. The information environment is the aggregate of individuals, organizations and systems that collect, process, disseminate or act on information. Commanders use information to shape the operational environment.The infrastructure comprises the basic facilities, services and installations require for a society to function and it is imperative that commanders understand that degrading the infrastructu re will have an affect upon the entire OE. The physical environment includes the geography and man-made structures within the OE. The enemy understands that less mazy and open terrain often exposes their military weaknesses. Therefore, they may try to counteract US military advantages by operating in urban or other complex terrain and during adverse weather conditions.In regards to the time variable an enemy with limited military capability usually views extend conflict as advantageous. They avoid battles and only make when conditions are overwhelmingly in their favor. Given our COE the enemy is well aware that Americans are impatient and crave a decisive victory without delay and are not willing to wage a long drawn-out conflict that places a heavy monetary burden upon the country. Colin S. Gray states that, COIN is about the control of mountain and territory. I submit that it is virtually impossible to gain control in any part without a thorough understanding of the many d ifferent facets that the OE is comprised of. Given the fact that we have moved away from fighting regular wars and find our selves submerged in irregular warfare knowledge of the operational environment is essential because the United States is already ill prepared to fight such a war. It has taken us the last 10 years to start to change our training and techniques allowing us to achieve success.The United States was stuck in the cold war era and our training and techniques were antiquated. stock-still so during the cold war era it was still vital to possess a thorough understanding of the respective operational environment in order to be successful. However, given the fact that we find ourselves in these irregular wars against religious extremists it seems to be exponentially important to know your OE. It seems as though that todays operational environments are much more elaborate and complex.Today we face a more guerilla style combatant as opposed to having all the way drawn li nes on the battle field during the cold war era. Today we find ourselves more in need of intelligence in order to retrieve who are enemy is and in order to obtain such elusive information it is essential to befriend the local populace which can only be accomplished by becoming educated on the aforementioned vital aspects of the OE itself. Mr. Gray also states that, the decisive combat occurs in and about the minds of civilians, not on the battlefield.Protection of the people must be job one. I believe that it is overtly obvious that in order to determine what is on the minds of the civilians and what their individual concerns are we need to get intimately familiar with them and earn their trust. I submit that this can not be accomplished until a thorough study of the breeze through operational environment has been completed and the US armed forces possess a firm grasp of what is important to the local populace. We will be ill prepared to protect them if we dont understand what th eir concerns and fears are.They have to be willing to place a tremendous amount of trust in our armed forces to provide them with the information of whom they fear and why. I say this because we cant really protect them until they provide the information but then again once they do they know that they will be targeted for reprisals. This is why I can not over emphasize how important it is to gain substantial knowledge of the local people and their respective culture within these complex environments.I would like to use the following quote from Colin Grays Irregular state of war to bolster my argument, If we do not know much about those beliefs and values, we are unlikely to register much progress in persuasion, except by accident. Indeed, by behaving like strangers in a strange landtrue aliensour regular soldiers and officials are as likely to do more harm than good to their mission. Irregular warfare is complex and thus far has been fought in extremely complex environments. It is a fact that the United States is not well suited or well prepared to engage in such battles.We can not longer rely on our size and strength in order to ensure victory. It is through technology, special trading operations and vital information obtained from the local people that enable us to achieve any success at all in these complex, hostile operational environments. I submit that obtaining a thorough and complete knowledge of the individual operational environment to include the physical environment, the state of governance, technology, local resources, the culture of the local populace, ideology, religion, race, ethnicity, nationalism and physiological needs is absolutely essential in order to have any chance of success.According to FM 3-0 we should analyze the operational environment utilizing the following variables, political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical environment and time (PMESII-PT). Utilizing this method should yield a fairly comple te understanding of the respective operational environment. Remember that according to Colin Gray, Irregular Warfare is about protecting the civilians and gaining their trust. How can we expect to accomplish this task if we behave like strangers in a strange landtrue aliens?

Related Studies for Online Shopping Essay

Sulit.com.ph is a classified ads website that caters primarily to Philippine market. It is an online marketplace whither people buy and sell a full variety of goods, products, and services under different categories such as real estate, automotives, careers, business products and services, and many more among Filipino individuals and business groups all over the world.3 Launched on September 11, 2006, the free online classified ads website was named Sulit.com.ph for 2 reasons (1) Sulit is a Filipino word that means worth it in English, describing the affordability of items being sold by the sites members and (2) Sulit is an acronym for Super Low Internet Trading.In addition to the buy and sell platform, Sulit.com.ph also provides an online community among Filipino web users. Through the Sulit.com.ph forum, members interact with one other about various topics including business, lifestyle, current events, and health among many others. Thus, Sulit.com.ph can also be translated to Sul it Community in the Philippines. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulit.com.phAyosDito.ph is an online classified-ads website catering to the Philippine market. It is owned and operated by 701Search Pte., Ltd., which is a joint venture between media giantsSingapore Press Holdings and Schibsted. Launched in March 2009,2 AyosDito offers free posting of ads for items such as properties, cars, computers, cellphones, electronic gadgets, food, and even jobs.The phrase Ayos Dito is Tagalog for Ok here.Despite the rather plain site layout and design, people generally find the website very fast and simple to use.3 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AyosDito.ph

Organizational Case Study: British Broadcasting Corporation Essay

Quality broadcasting does not constantly keep thou with traditional broadcasting and this duty, to make available to the masses with what is conceivably necessary rather than miscellaneous, stays at the core of public service broadcasting. As a result, funding is more often than not gained from taxation, contributions, state subventions, consenting to the importance to be on the esteem to society rather than audience ratings. But in an era of digitization and media junction, the radio and television audience is hastily turning into more broadly detached within a new-fangled multi-media, multi-channel setting.Cable television, for instance, which is designed to localize consumers not only by age and gender demographics, but by lifestyle, as well, also paved a broader global reach for the British air Corporation (Bae, 2000). According to its website, The British transmit Corporation (BBC, also informally kn birth as the Beeb or Auntie), founded in 1922, is the largest broadcasting corporation in the world. It produces programs and entropy services, broadcasting on television, radio, and the Internet.The stated mission of the BBC is to inform, educate and entertain, and the motto of the BBC is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation (British bare Corporation). This way, the British send Corporation also reflects the British touch of culture and heritage with entertainment, music, events, and discussion that are relevant to identifiable chunks of the larger Western marketplace. Entertainment is indigenous to particular European migrants across the globe, and that resonates in the programming of this format also.The local shows are an integral part of the stations defined lifestyle and are comprehend by viewers as communicating directly to them. When the programs and documentaries broadcasted on BBC are delivered in a style that reflects the stations format, and the message is relevant to the position viewers culture and heritage, there is a strong, personal connection. The cultural affinity is felt Western identity coagulates (Ewing and Meissner, 2004).The body of research in this paper identifies the theories, concepts, and studies that were utilize in the study. It proves to the need to gain a greater understanding of the productivity variables, modern-day trends, and trading operations management carried out by a non-profit, public service-oriented media system as the British Broadcasting Corporation (Shockley-Zalabak, (2008). Leading in program production worldwide, the BBC presents entertainment and media services to a wide-reaching audience through television, radio, and Web-based machineries.As a component of its allegiance to expend a large chunk of its returns on services and programs, the BBC required to find means of condensing its administrative overheads and financial dispensation (Bae, 2000). about people say that television news stations seem more interested in capturing viewer interest and ratings than reporting t he most signifi hobot events of the day. It is loose for viewers to forget that networks are in the business of making money first then attempting to keep the public well informed with quality news broadcasting (Bae, 2000).But BBC is a Public Service Broadcasting Company. Disengagement from the British government and vested interests implies that the British Broadcasting Corporation can tender a dispassionate and evenhanded standpoint, principally in the sphere of journalism. Whether the organization is strictly un prejudiceed is challenging to gauge. Some critics claim that there is a middle-class presumption given that the BBCs founding ideals are anchored in the purportedly middle-class philosophy of cultivating the unschooled masses (Ewing and Meissner, 2004).What sets the British Broadcasting Corporation apart from new(prenominal) multimedia networks is its non-commercial business approach. In any case, there is the danger of having violence bulletins being found incredible at times with the flood of commercials punctuating the program. This is because of the capitalist guess of molding the news as per price of the news. Professor Justin Lewis of Cardiff University cites an instance when commercial pressures have influenced news output.Local news broadcasting in the US is commercially successful, and research studies show that crime stories consistently draw the largest audiences. Suddenly there seemed to be a crime wave across the US, says Lewis. But crime figures were actually decreasing. Of course if you ask the public, they would tell you crime is increasing. It was a product of news being a product (Kimball, 1994). But as far as BBC is concerned, the agitation is not as easily drawn from the viewers themselves, because of their clear-cut delivery of the news, not necessarily the subject.After all, recent surveys speak of the majority of the U. S. adult universe of discourse as skeptical about the news and information programming on public broad casting being biased. The plurality of Americans indicate that there is no unmixed bias one way or the other, while approximately one-in-five detect a liberal bias and approximately one-in-ten detect a conservative bias (Newhagen and Reeves, 1992). And with the absence of war and administration news in BBC, it can be a one-headache-less day of an assiduous week.Making devolution of media services work arrive with the British Broadcasting Corporation officials assuming a more assertive role as institution managers for morale, welfare and recreation delivery (British Broadcasting Corporation). There is no doubt that the British Broadcasting Corporation does face a large set of variables as it takes place over antithetic countries and it does act in different environments. One of the most determinant environments to the success of the British Broadcasting Corporation is culture, which holds the reason for many human acts and behavior.Reaching to that point the British Broadcasting C orporation management should study deeply culture treaties of a country the media company is planning to act in so that fussy amendments in the organization overall plans and actions is made to act in accordance with the new market variables (Shockley-Zalabak, (2008). Like any organization, the British Broadcasting Corporation has its own history of success, which reinforces and strengthens the organizations way of doing things.The older and more successful the organization, the stronger its culture, its nature, its identity becomes. They are communities of people with a mission, not machines. The basic nature of a living social organism is naturally more fundamental, deeper in the hierarchy, and therefore much more powerful than business work processes, financial systems, business strategy, vision, add up chains, information technology, marketing plans, team behavior, or corporate governance (British Broadcasting Corporation).In recent years, the British Broadcasting Corporation batting order has reviewed its interest in analyzing the operations accomplishments. The success experienced by the British Broadcasting Corporation is to a great extent attributed to a prospect of redesigning its operations to establish more Public Broadcasting Service stations throughout the world emanating from its local offices in Glasgow, Southampton, Newcastle, Birmingham, Cardiff, Belfast, Bristol, and Manchester (British Broadcasting Corporation).The literature evokes that the nurture of global culture rapid changes in technology in the last several decades has changed the nature of culture and cultural exchange. People around the world can make economic transactions and transmit information to each other almost instantaneously through the use of computers, satellite communications, and the mass media like the British Broadcasting Corporation (Shockley-Zalabak, 2008).Governments and corporations have gained vast amounts of political power through military might and economi c influence (Ewing and Meissner, 2004). Corporations such as the British Broadcasting Corporation have also created a form of global culture based on worldwide commercial markets. Local culture and social social organisation are now shaped by large and powerful commercial interests in ways that earlier anthropologists could not have imagined.

Mustika Ratu Case Summary

Mustier Rats merchandise Strategy Throughout the sass, the company expanded its field traditional cosmetics (facial c atomic number 18 & decorative makeup, hair and body care product) and the established itself as the uncontested foodstuff leader by 1998, four out of very(prenominal) 10 cosmetic products sold in Indonesia were Mustier Rata brands. Positioned as competitively priced, quality products formulated specifically for Indonesian skin. Company literature reinforced that its products were natural and integrate sempiternal Indonesian beliefs of the health and stunner properties of local plants and herbs.Mustier Rats Jambs appealed to several market segments. Segment Men, women, adults, and teenagers. Target Predominantly middle- to upper-middle-income cue insurers. Positioning Products were natural and integrated timeless Indonesian levels of the health and beauty properties of local plants and herbs. Condition of competition in the jam segment was becoming fierce in the next following years. legion(predicate) wayside stalls selling jambs to cure headaches, boost sexual drive or to reduce weight were common. These jambs were targeted at the middle- to lower-income market segment.So, Mustier Rata also competed in these market segments with their flank brand Garage Jambs. According to the companys 1 997 yearbook report, this line contributed to overall profitability and had great potential for future growth. Exhibit low are Mustier Rats product differentiation based on market segment. Each segment has each marketing strategy that suitable to applied to their market. Based on culture text, Mustier Rats core value that become study quality of Mustier Rats product was high quality of their natural ingredients.It become a competitive factor for Mustier Rata differentiation to some other brands. This competitive factor that Mustier Rata tried to sell from their marketing campaign. This became a major focus in the companys marketing communication s. An average of over 25 percent of annual net sales was spent n marketing campaigns which promoted value-priced, natural alternatives to imported cosmetics. Another key promotion activity that increased the companys profile was sponsorship of several major beauty events, including the Miss Indonesia pageant.B. R. A. Immoralitys high profile as an owner of Mustier Rata, who granted meritorious achievement in the promotion of Indonesian culture and traditions and the Asian Institutes merchandiseing Management Award (in 1992 and 1 995) also increased Mustier Rats profile in domestic area. Mustier Rats diffusion Strategy Over the years, Mustier Rata had developed its own well-established and highly nonionized distribution system, controlled through a recently installed info technology (IT) control system.The application of improved IT control systems ensured a higher level of service and more efficient delivery schedules as well as more accurate and timely consumer information. IT system was also installed due to the the challenges posed by Indonesian geography, which is Indonesian area is so vast. Another significant challenge in distribution in Indonesia was the highly fragmented nature of the retail industry thousands of small outlets and roadside stalls accounted for a significant percentage of Indonesian retail activity.Mustier Rata used all of kind distribution channel to market their extensive product lines. Mustier Rata Brands Distribution Channel Lower- and middle- income brand ubiquitous stalls, wet markets, conventional retail shop, supermarket, direct sales channel Upper- income brand Department stores, company-owned stores, direct sales force Since 1 992, Mustier Rata had concentrated on intensifying their department store distribution channel.Another key strategy was to increase of distribution bring previously managed by third parties in their most densely populated and lucrative markets. The establishment of Mustier Rata-owned and operat ed distribution systems resulted in an average of two and one-half percent increase in Mustier Rats operating margins. preservation time was also shortened, and quality of service provided to retail outlets was enhanced. Company also changed its accounts receivable policy, shortening the due period from 90 days to 30 days.Namely it address lead times and resulted to smaller order lots. According to Essayist on the reading text, the companys distributors were his eyes and ears monitoring customer opinion and relaying vital market information to the corporate marketing department. Mustier Rats International Market In international markets, Mustier Rata used a combination of in-house owned operated distribution channels, as well as contract distributors.Malaysia The companys most significant international market, accounting for 70% of international revenue. 1 995, Mustier Rata established several House of Mustier Rata treatment centers, which resulted in doubling sales. Target Market Indigenous Malay (properly target), Chinese (lasted catered), Middle market products. Philippines Demographics in Philippines market were relatively similar with domestic product lines. Target Market Health and beauty products for teenage girls was one of the least crowded market segments.Next step in penetrating the Filipino market was to capitalize on the established third-party distribution channels used for the body splash and to introduce other product within the Putter line as well as Mustier Rats slimming Tea. The Middle East Mustier Rata had unfastened 14 House of Mustier Rata outlets in United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. Target Market Brand with in developing natural products that adhered to the Muslim Hall standards -? products made with no physical fat and that had never been tested on animals.Other Countries The another countries was Hong Kong and Holland (Mail order distribution channel) South Africa, Canada, Australia, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam Taiwan, and Thailand (Investigating Market) Successfully Navigating Through A Chaotic External Environment Mustier Rata had averted the chance in 1 998 that had befallen many of heir competitors through cautious investment of the proceeds of their PIP (much of which had not been used as originally planned), mostly in short term deposits at foreign-owned banks.

Stylistic Analysis of Ragtime Essays and Term Papers

The global surroundings protection Our earth is our home, so if we want to protect our home we should protect our environment from harmful effects of human activity. Some of these activities cause pollution. Pollution now is a very important problem. Some of these problem are the ozone kettle of fishs, global melt (or green-house effect), acid rain The ozone layer is a layer of gases which stop harmful solar radiation protecting the earth. Recent research shows that there is a wad in part of the ozone layer which is caused by can from factories, car exhaust fumes, aerosol cans cause they contain CFC.Global melting is an increase in humanity temperature caused by the release of carbon. Such precipitation as acid rain contains dangerous chemicals, this is caused by jackpot from factories. Another problem is poisons in foods. Farmer soften sprinkleing chemicals in crops to safe them from pests. These chemicals are called pesticides. Scientists have found that pesticides oft en end up in our food and they can cause health problems especially for kids. The naval life or in other words ocean biota are in danger. They are filled with poison industrial, chemical, nuclear waste.Every ten minutes one species of animal, plant or insect break down offs out for ever. The biodiversity is reduced to minimum, the extinction of animals and plants is a real problems nowadays and if nothing is done our earth will die in about 30 years from now. We face an bionomical catastrophe. The humanity abuses nature. So what can we do to avoid the environmental degradation ? There moldiness be more rainforests, green belts on our planet, we should plant more trees, we should not waste resources but try save them, we also must make smoke from factories and cars fumes more clean, we must not dump industrial waste to seas and rivers Now people are beginning to realize that ecological disaster is not somebody elses. They make different organization, whose aim is conservati on. For example, GREEN PEACE , FRIEND OF THE EARTH and others. Everyday millions people from all over the mankind do everything to diminish harmful influence of human production on the global vegetation, mineral resources and animal kingdom, and they need for our help. Everyone must take part in it, to save our planet clean and prosperous. Its a pressing necessity to change the character of interaction between man and nature, just to make our coming(prenominal) better.Stylistic Analysis of Ragtime Essays and Term PapersThe global environment protection Our earth is our home, so if we want to protect our home we should protect our environment from harmful effects of human activity. Some of these activities cause pollution. Pollution now is a very important problem. Some of these problem are the ozone holes, global warming (or green-house effect), acid rain The ozone layer is a layer of gases which stop harmful solar radiation protecting the earth. Recent research shows that th ere is a hole in part of the ozone layer which is caused by smoke from factories, car exhaust fumes, aerosol cans cause they contain CFC.Global warming is an increase in world temperature caused by the release of carbon. Such precipitation as acid rain contains dangerous chemicals, this is caused by smoke from factories. Another problem is poisons in foods. Farmer soften spray chemicals in crops to safe them from pests. These chemicals are called pesticides. Scientists have found that pesticides often end up in our food and they can cause health problems especially for kids. The naval life or in other words ocean biota are in danger. They are filled with poison industrial, chemical, nuclear waste.Every ten minutes one species of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. The biodiversity is reduced to minimum, the extinction of animals and plants is a real problems nowadays and if nothing is done our earth will die in about 30 years from now. We face an ecological catastrophe. Th e humanity abuses nature. So what can we do to avoid the environmental degradation ? There must be more rainforests, green belts on our planet, we should plant more trees, we should not waste resources but try save them, we also must make smoke from factories and cars fumes more clean, we must not dump industrial waste to seas and rivers Now people are beginning to realize that ecological disaster is not somebody elses. They make different organization, whose aim is conservation. For example, GREEN PEACE , FRIEND OF THE EARTH and others. Everyday millions people from all over the world do everything to diminish harmful influence of human production on the global vegetation, mineral resources and animal kingdom, and they need for our help. Everyone must take part in it, to save our planet clean and prosperous. Its a pressing necessity to change the character of interaction between man and nature, just to make our approaching better.

Methodism, the most astonishing eruption in the eighteenth century history of religion, was an anomaly

The eighteenth ascorbic acid is comm besides adopted by historians as a period of decline for the Anglican establishment which suffered increasing losings in its authority over local parishes and failing to respond adequately to the changing society of the earlyish industrial age and challenges over the nature of religion and its role in the lives of individuals. In the 1740s, Samuel Wesley and his sons began to preach foreign the confines of the Church, advocating a more voluntary approach to spectral devotion and encouraging addd interest group of rankmen in the work of the parish.Methodism was effectively born out of societies set up to integrate the perform into the connection, still in carrying voluntarism to its logical conclusion, argues Gilbert, such a elbow grease would naturally come into conflict with the establishment by offering an alternative to the prescribed methods of religious practise and undermining the ministerial authority and organising machinery of the Church. Although the Wesley family were conservative Tories and John Wesley, who was to flex the leading Methodist figure, always expressed a keen desire to lodge within Anglicanism, he told a inaugural conference in 1744 that Methodism would either leave the whole church or be thrust out of it Whether the Methodists were in essence a prow or conservative group was at the time, and remains a oftentimes debated topic. In an essay on Methodism, Dissent and Political Stability2, Gilbert argues that it was in fact both.Methodism was a means of taking a stand against prescribed religion and the status quo of friendly arrangement by means of the withdrawal of status respect and assertion of freedom. Methodism was in effect a total means of political and favorable protest in an era of new ideas and social instability, epitomised abroad by the violent revolutions in France, and yet the act was unobtrusive in its politics and the moderate nature of this radicalism had a stabil ising effect on society, acting as a safety valve that contained tension and helped avoid the polarisation of opinions.Looking at the religious history of other European nations, Methodism is quite the anomaly, a dissenting movement, draw in out of the Anglican Church that as yettually coiffes to prop up the handed-d admit order. Weakness in the Anglican establishment dated back to the re jumpation, which had been a break away from authority from Rome, hardly had also meant an increase in secular authority over the ecclesiastical, done the judicial courts, whatever tithe taxes and rights of patronage.Though the clerical influence in national politics and in local parishes was still strong, it was no longer as an independent body, entirely in conjunction with secular authorities. Loss of influence in the upper echelons of power, with monarchs of differing cartel on the throne and the abbots losing their majority in the Lords was coupled with strain on authority in the parish es by means of lack of adequate funding or dynamism.The demographic boom of the late eighteenth ascorbic acid and the breakdown of the traditional parish establish organisation of ancien regime society with the increase in manufacturing towns left some impertinent the network of pastoral oversight, as Ward notes, this and toleration laws paved the way for eager dissenters to exert influence3. However, the foremost half of the century is more commonly characterised by a mood of religious apathy. Numbers attention Anglican services were declining, barely Gilbert argues, Protestant dissent was also in a state of atrophy in 1740.Looking at statistics, this could be seen as a dramatic turning establish in the history of religious dissent, but it must be remembered that after new toleration acts were passed it became indispens satisfactory for all groups to register, nevertheless, this was a period when old dissenting movements were being surpassed by the new evangelistics, who could serve the community where the Anglican church could no longer cope. Naturally in that location was a certain discontinuity of dissent, with different traditions declining and ripening in different patterns across the country.The chapel movement was one that responded to local needs, in some areas lay societies along evangelical lines were even encouraged by the local clergy, but the most prominent groups ineluctably sprang up where the church was least effective and inevitably would become a source of conflict with the establishment. The evangelical revival of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was above all a popular movement, and with no central driving force, it is difficult to define the limits of the movement.Dissenters within the orthodoxy of the Church had existed before, but a newfound zeal, anxious conversion methods and a more coherent programme now developed into a single, if multiform, religious phenomenon. Although there were divisions between Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists and Independents, they were not fundamental. All relied on lay preachers and the centrality of village communities to spread their message of voluntary piety, based around the family and spiritual equality, whereby all could receive salvation through faith and good works.Methodism can per medical prognosis be characterised by its system of connexion networks that linked dissenting groups across the country. Wesley had hoped to unite his movement through the Anglican ministers and in 1764 had sent fifty letters appealing for a unity of purpose, but receiving only three replies, realised he would have to unite and organise his fol demoralizes outside the clergy. The strength of the movement however, was not in a system of alliances, but its dynamism.Methodism was a movement that spread rapidly through expansionist missionary societies, and Wesleys followers breached the movement further away from the church by demanding that its preachers sho uld be able to give communion. A 1793 conference voted that members of a society who were unanimous in their desire to receive the Lords Supper from their preacher might do so. Ward questions whether this was a case of the preachers following the flock, or the scheming of radical ministers to use the Methodist congregations to spread their radical political ideas.Samuel Bradburn was one such minister who introduced ideas of unbounded emancipation and the Rights of Man into his sermons, but he shunned Kilham, an even more defiant political Methodist, casting doubt on any suggestion of a central political aim. In the 1790s, social tensions were reaching boiling point. evangelistic societies attracted dissenters at all social levels, even at court, where many independent politicians, clergymen and intellectuals deserted George III and headed a campaign as a Unitarian group for reforms to free trade and end slavery, believing in free enquiry and social progress.Among the lower social orders there was a backlash against the increasing tote up of dissenters and riots broke out, prompted by food shortages but also calling for Church and King and were largely unrestrained by the clergy and magistrates of the old order. It is important to remember that while the growth of evangelical movements was significant, it still only affect a small proportion of the population, with many remaining ambivalent towards new ideals of piety and man others choosing to remain firmly within the Anglican fold.For some, traditional means of expressing discontent were still favoured. Davidoff sees the Evangelical movement as a largely middle assort phenomenon. This was a rapidly expanding social group that needed to form their identity. He argues that a sense of religious belonging was generated by the various evangelical movements became a federal agency of middle class close and the success of the movement can be credited to its ability to take in this need. Traditional church practise did not involve participation from the lay community, and while the middle classes were a group with little political power, there role was gradually becoming more like that of the traditional gentry, as Lords devolved their duties in a practise of stewardship. Dissenting evangelical groups formed a basis of a middle class community as well as a middle class culture. The religious focus is undeniably meritocratic in tone that salvation was open to all through their own piety.Davidoff also believes that there was a notion that this piety could give individuals strength to bare hostility from others, as the new middle classes may well have faced in the years of hardship and social tension at the end of the eighteenth century. The central importance of the family crossed denominations, another middle class value. The ideal was of the stem as a moral haven from the amoral world of the business market. This haven was created by women, who were viewed as naturally more pious tha n men.The concepts of masculine and feminine were being transposed into more pellucid social roles, each with their own responsibilities. Men were the material providers of the family and womens role was to create a moral home for her husband and children, domestic seclusion was a moral ideal and some serious evangelicals even shunned the pleasures of swash and the theatre in favour of this domesticity. Women did have increased prominence in church life, in some denominations they could even be ministers, but overall, the new movements were still male dominated.In some areas women may even have lost influence, where before they could have performed duties of clerks where necessary, roles were now more often formalised into those that were acceptable for women and those that were not. The evangelical community gave the middle class a forum to profess their beliefs and help to form their own culture and community. Dissenting groups were most prominent in new manufacturing towns and much of their establishment can be seen as benefiting the middle classes.They set up church schools and welfare societies, seeing their community almost s an extension phone of their family that need to be provided for. Schools were central to the evangelical movement, supporting the middle class love of reading and verbal expression as alternative entertainments. Indeed it was often the case that the school came before the chapel, as was the case in Bollington, a manufacturing town in the Northwest. Although initially non-denominational, the school soon became dominated by the Methodists.But importantly, the erection of such public buildings was not decided on by the preachers, but went before an appeal to the town, in tune with democratic principals. The practise of the Sunday school was an important means of gaining support among the locals, as many sent their children to work in factories at an early age and this would still give them a chance to learn to read. The work of ev angelicals within their communities through charity and education may have stunted running(a) class resentment, but Davidoff asserts that they still tended to stay away from Church.Gilberts sees the evangelicals as targeting the lower echelons of society, corroding the image of the lower orders as simple minded and maybe thus giving cause for concern to the ruling classes, but it is probable that these are two differing views of what was essentially the same social group, seen as the lower orders by contemporaries, but viewed by some historians, in the pattern of social evolution, as the emerging middle classes. The end of the eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth centuries byword a demographic boom, centred around new manufacturing towns.It was the early years of the industrial age and the changing structure of society had new needs that the state and church could not provide for. Looking abroad for a point of comparison, French society, with its firmly established monarchy and church was thrust into a violent revolution that was to remove both. In England, the less powerful position occupied by the monarchy and church could be seen as perhaps what saved them from a similar fate. Dissenting movements had been allowed to develop that were then to serve as a moderating force.There was much confusion in the late eighteenth century as to Methodists and their significance. The movement grew further and faster than other evangelical societies, and what Smyth called Christian godliness without Christian organisation in 1795 was attacked by others as having too much organisation and followers were subject to too much pastoral oversight, threatening the formation of a radical political force. 5 Indeed, Sidney Pollard and Robert Southerly were of the view that revolution was imminent.With hindsight, historians like Halevy have argued that there was nothing for the state to fear in the rise of Methodism, but contemporary powers would not have been able to see the larger picture of changing society and the schooling of a middle-class and so the movement may have been forced into its unobtrusive political placement where perhaps more radical beliefs were deep-seated. Jabez Bunting, a radical Methodist figure after the death of Wesley, saw the movement as wide, but not deep. He was relatively apolitical, but was keen to preserve the liberties that Methodism had benefited from in the face of conservative reaction to social tensions and revolution in Europe. But the evangelical revival, viewed with historical hindsight is thence a political movement, the energies of the chapel communities were a force that resisted to reactionism and later advocated reforms, but after 1850 the dynamism of the movement had dwindled, as the social tensions of the age eased.

Identify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities

learner ASSESSMENT GUIDE Unit of aptitude name Identify and evaluate market opportunities Unit of competency number BSBMKG501B Unit Purpose On successful completion of this unit you should be adequate to(p) to actively seek out and assess marketing opportunities in terms of viability and suitability to the organisation. You should also be able to turn the assessed marketing opportunities into reality by scoping the implementation impact and getting buy in from precaution and other fundamental stakeholders for your opportunity. Specific eithery, you go out be able toIdentify marketing opportunities Investigate marketing opportunities rate required changes to current operations Reporting of perspicacity outcomes Your result forget be recorded and report to you as Distinction or Credit or Competent or Not yet Competent. If you be doing this unit in a cut which is pass judgment (Pass, Credit or Distinction) and this is unmatchable of the units which contribute to the cour se grade, your result in this unit will be assigned a nominal mark which will be used to calculate your course grade. Requirements to successfully complete this unit of competency IntroductionAssessment is a process that will require you to provide evidence that you have achieved the knowledge and skills required in this unit of competency. palmy completion of this unit is based on the assessment of your demonstrated competence in a oeuvre or simulated workplace environment. How do you complete this unit? You can complete this unit by demonstrating competence. To do this you must provide evidence that you can Prepare a written report which identifies, evaluates and ranks a number of Marketing Opportunities Prepare an opportunity scope record that clearly describes the proposed execution of the marketing opportunitySynthesise the scope, viability, risks and signal outcomes of the proposed marketing opportunity into a persuasive presentation to gain buy-in for the marketing opport unity What evidence will you be asked to supply? You may be requested to 1. Identify and Evaluate Marketing Opportunities and submit a Written Report Identify and evaluate marketing opportunities. Conduct a SWOT analysis and send four (4) marketing opportunities. Evaluate each of the four identified opportunities using a puke of poetic rhythm for example financial measures marketing measures customer impact methods and competitor response analysis.Rank the marketing opportunities and identify the report opportunity. (This marketing opportunity will be explored further in the next task) 2. Write a scene Document and Plan the execution of a marketing opportunity This would include establishing the marketing opportunity objective, analysing and assessing organisational preparedness designing a marketing opportunity implementation schedule establishing a financial analysis, projections and forecasted results for the marketing opportunity designing suitable marketing controls esta blish a clear understanding to the key isks intricate in the marketing opportunity and the strategies for managing these risks 3. Provide a persuasive Marketing Opportunity personateation Present your marketing opportunity. This would include synthesizing your marketing opportunity framework into communicable pieces, where you would impart objectives and expected outcomes define the risks polish off changes that will need to be made and communicate the viability of making changes to current operations. Your equals should act as managers and key stakeholders providing feedback on the presentation of your marketing opportunity.Your teacher will force out you of the specific assessment requirements for this unit. This is a graded unit. To receive a PASS grade you must Identify several marketing opportunities using a SWOT analysis Analyse and then evaluate marketing opportunities using ane marketing and one financial measure Prioritise marketing opportunities rank marketing oppor tunities and identify key opportunities. Establish a clear understanding of the key risks involved in the marketing opportunity and the strategies for managing these risks.Scope and plan the execution of one marketing opportunity Prepare a good fictional character written report and scope document Present your marketing opportunity to your peers To receive a CREDIT grade you must Meet each the criteria of a pass grade Identify marketing opportunities using a greater number of sources and areas of yield eg international growth Apply entrepreneurial and creative sentiment frameworks to the identification of opportunities Use a more than extensive number of evaluation methods including finance, marketing, customer and risk method.Demonstrate advanced skills in prioritising the various opportunities. Demonstrate a clear understanding of the concept of risk and how it applies to the evaluation of opportunity Prepare a professional quality written report and scope document Provide a professional quality presentation which demonstrates graduate(prenominal) level presentation techniques and is accompanied by visual/audio aids. Address audience questions and garner feedback from peers in regard to the presentation of the opportunity To receive a DISTINCTION grade you must Meet all the criteria of a credit gradeDemonstrate an advanced ability to plan, organise and control market opportunity analysis, evaluation and scoping get under ones skin clearly superior identification and evaluation of opportunities Draw on an immense number of sources and areas of growth to realise market opportunity identification Clearly show an application of and understanding of entrepreneurial and creative thinking frameworks and how they should be applied to the identification of marketing opportunities Evaluate every opportunity using a range of methods finance, marketing, customer and risk methods.Present reports of desk-top publishing quality with complete audio/visual support for presentation. Respond to peer feedback in a professional and detailed manner What you will need Your teacher will advise you of any resources, including text books, which you will require for this unit. More about assessment For information about assessment in TAFE please see Every Students Guide to Assessment in TAFE NSW which is available on the TAFE lucre site at http//www. tafensw. edu. au/courses/about/assessment_guide. htm Additional details for local assessment arrangements

Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Essay

In the play written by Sophocles, Oedipus the King, at that place are several instances of derision. Dramatic irony, or tragic irony as some critics would prefer to shout out it, usually means a situation in which the character of the play has limited knowledge and says or does something in which they have no idea of the significance. The interview, however, already has the knowledge of what is going to occur or what the consequences of the characters actions leave behind be. The degree of irony and the effect it has depends upon the readers grasp and recognition of some discrepancy between two things.Our head start taste of dramatic irony comes very early into the play when Oedipus vows to bring to justice the killer of Laius, which is in reality himself. When he learns that the bringing of justice of Laius killer will rid the city of a painful plague, he sets forth with a plan to track down the killer. Oedipus begins to curse the killer and vowsOedipus As for the criminal, I petition to God Whether it be a lurking thief, or one of a number I pray that that mans life be consumed in evil and wretchedness.And as for me, this curse applies no little (968)This is very ironic, as Oedipus is indeed, without knowledge of the truth, talking about himself.Another example of dramatic irony is the bureau of fate and Oedipus powerlessness against it. Throughout the play we are aware of Oedipus fate and we realize there is cypher that he can do to change it. When Oedipus tells his city after listening to their plea for help against the revolting egestness and plague that has taken over the cityOedipus I know that you are deathly sick and yet,Sick as you are, not one is as sick as I. (963)The audience understands the truth and the irony in that statement. Oedipus should not worry about himself becoming sick for he is already infested with the sickness.A triplet example of the irony of Oedipus is the fact that Oedipus seemed to be blind and deaf to the truth. He appears to be on a valiant search for the truth and justice of the killer of Laius, yet refuses to hear the truth when it is spoken to him. In order to hear the truth Oedipus needed to be able to hear and interpret it, yet he only heard what he wanted to hear. Therefore rendering him unable to understand the mystery of who he truly was.In this play there seems to be a constant string of ironies throughout. Oedipus is in defence force of the truth. In his dramatic speeches he misconstrues the information that he has been given by Teiresias, as well as Creon and Iocaste. The horrifying realization that the prophecy of the Sphinx is in fact the truth, causes Oedipus to blind himself. The audience therefore pities him, which is a will of the use of dramatic irony. The use of irony in a play allows the writer to make their audience want to see how the events which are occurring, mentally affect the main character, even if they already know how the bosh will end, as in Oedipus the Kin g.Kennedy, X.J., and Gioia Dana. Oedipus the King Literature An Introduction toFiction, Poetry, and Drama. 2nd edition. New York Addison Wesley Longman,2000. 960-1005.

Domestic Violence Essay

There are galore(postnominal) theories out there that try to explain why interior(prenominal) vehemence happens. Some the like family violence theory say that it is passed down through the family because basicall(a)y what you see is what you pass on do. Others say its a chemical imbalance or its based on other things. I believe that it is a little bit of all of the theories further the horti husbandry of Violence Theory is playing a commodious role now in helping shape our young childrens minds as to what is now acceptable. During this duty assignment we will look at four different types of examples of how the Culture of Violence Theory is doing yet that.Culture of Violence theory claims that violence occurs at all levels of society and is looked at as a mean to resolve a conflict. Violence and force are acceptable and are used even in family disputes. Theories believe that in order to s big top a man from beating or hitting a woman then you micturate to change the way he believes or relies on violence existence a means to solve all his problems. I also believe that our culture as a whole is violence driven. As a soldier in the United States Army, I deploy to scrap areas and I have meet other freshly recruits who basically wanted to join the military for that reason. So then the question is why in the world would you want to do something just for the violence? nearly we can look no further then what is the main culprit to me and that is the Mass Media.The Mass Media today is the main reason why our culture is so violence driven. First I am termination to start off on the news media and movies that are being viewed by our children and young adults. The news media forever and a day seems to project negative things. You rarely hear anything closely a city not having an violent effects being placed over the news. Instead you turn the news on and your going to see how a draw came home and found his wife cheating on him so he beat her to death , then killed all his children before turning his gun on himself.The news always reports the violent acts so thats what our culture is getting use to see. When we look at the type of movies being depicted that display acts of violence in a family household we look at the movie Precious. This movie won the actress a Grammy Award but in this movie your watching a girl being physically, verbally and sexually abused at home. The only time she was safe was at school. What does this type of information t to each one? It could teach a arbitrary pass but I believe that in reality all it did was downgrade women and especially African American women. Movies and the News arent the only means to project violence within our culture.The controversial film game by rock star called Grand Theft Auto has been sparking debates across the nation for years. This is hotshot of the best selling franchises in the video game industry but the message in this top playing videogame for our callowness in p articular teens is violence. This game depicts family violence, drug selling, murder, extortion, robbery, theft, grand theft auto and many more violent crimes. This game really belittles women I feel because they always use derogatory speech communication towards them. This game always shows pimps and hos and the pimp is always beating on the women. This sends a message that our society is fine with this type of behavior since we generate it for our amusement and entertainment. I am one of those who is at fault by playing this type of games but I do understand that this is not attach for our youth because they are still learning and trying to understand what is the wrong and right way to act in society and this doesnt help them in any way.Our society today is all about technology. Everyone has an internet capable phone and the internet is streaming videos constantly. With that being sad a lot of youth and teens are able to watch music videos either through their phone, laptop or o n the television. The new hit song titled Try by Pink depicts two lovers basically having an all-out hostility with each other. They are pulling hair, breaking glasses, hitting each other. This music video shows our youth domestic violence but shows it as a poetry in motion or as just two people really in love with each other so even though they are hurting each other its ok as long as they continue to represent it out and try again. So is the message here teaching our society to not harm each other? It doesnt look that way to me and if this keeps up then we will continue to see the metrical composition as high as they are.All of the different examples I gave show you how our culture became so violence oriented. From the News stations to the Movies in the theaters to the videogames we buy our children and the music they listen to. What children hear and see is exactly what they will do so yes I believe Family Violence Theory plays a role in my report but the Cultural Violence Th eory is by far the most destructive force we have and we can only blame ourselves.ReferenceCJ333 Chapter 3, Research and Theory on Family ViolenceVideo grainy Study Reinforces Negative Impact on Youth, Jennifer Leclaire, 4/10/06 Pink gets physical and aggressive in Try music video, Lucas Villa, October 10 2012

You Low Essay

American books is the written or literary solve produced in the argona of the United States and its preceding colonies. For more than(prenominal) specific discussions of song and theater, weigh Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United States. During its wee history, America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United States. Therefore, its literary custom begins as linked to the broader tradition of English literature.However, unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and tradition. * Colonial literature Owing to the large immigration to Boston in the 1630s, the high up articulation of Puritan cultural ideals, and the early establish custodyt of a college and a printing press in Cambridge, the newborn England colonies have often been regarded as the center of early American literature. However, the source European go downtlements in North Americ a had been founded elsewhere many years sooner.Towns older than Boston include the Spanish settlements at Saint Augustine and Santa Fe, the Dutch settlements at Albany and untested Amsterdam, as well as the English addiction of crowdtown in present-day Virginia. During the colonial point, the printing press was active in many areas, from Cambridge and Boston to new-fashioned York, Philadelphia, and Annapolis. The dominance of the English language was hardly inevitable. 1 The first item printed in Pennsylvania was in German and was the largest book printed in any of the colonies before the American Revolution.1 Spanish and French had two of the strongest colonial literary traditions in the areas that now comprise the United States, and discussions of early American literature commonly include texts by Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and Samuel de Champlain onside English language texts by doubting doubting Thomas Harriot and John Smith. Moreover, we are now aware of the wealth of oral literary traditions already animated on the continent among the numerous different Native American hosts. Political events, however, would eventually make English the lingua franca for the colonies at large as well as the literary language of choice.For instance, when the English conquered New Amsterdam in 1664, they renamed it New York and changed the administrative language from Dutch to English. From 1696 to 1700, only virtually 250 separate items were issued from the major printing presses in the American colonies. This is a clarified good turn compared to the output of the printers in London at the era. However, printing was established in the American colonies before it was allowed in close of England. In England restrictive laws had long confined printing to four locations London, York, Oxford, and Cambridge.Because of this, the colonies ventured into the modern world earlier than their provincial English counterparts. 1 Back then, slightly of the American litera ture were pamphlets and belles-lettres extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonist audience. Captain John Smith could be considered the first American author with his causes A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginia (1608) and The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624).Other generators of this manner include Daniel Denton, Thomas Ashe, William Penn, George Percy, William Strachey, Daniel Coxe, Gabriel Thomas, and John Lawson. The religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were overly topics of early writing. A journal written by John Winthrop, The History of New England, discussed the religious foundations of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Edward Winslow in any case record a diary of the first years after the Mayflowers arrival. Other religiously influenced writers include Increase Mather and William Bradford, author of the journal create as a History of Plymou th Plantation, 162047.Others like Roger Williams and Nathaniel state of ward more fiercely argued state and church separation. And still others, like Thomas Morton, cared little for the church Mortons The New English Canaan mocked the religious settlers and declared that the Native Americans were actually better people than the British. 2 Puritan poetry was passing religious in nature, and one of the earliest books of poetry published was the Bay Psalm Book, a set of translations of the biblical Psalms however, the translators intention was non to construct great literature barely to create hymns that could be employ in worship.2 Among lyric poets, the most important figures are Anne Bradstreet, who wrote personal poems about her family and homelife diplomatic minister Edward Taylor, whose best poems, the Preparatory Meditations, were written to help him prepare for leading worship and Michael Wigglesworth, whose best- sell poem, The Day of Doom, describes the fourth dimensi on of judgment. Nicholas Noyes was also cognise for his doggerel verse. Other late writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians, as seen in writings by Daniel Gookin, black lovage Whitaker, John Mason, Benjamin Church, and Mary Rowlandson.John Eliot translated the Bible into the Algonquin language. Of the second gear generation of New England settlers, Cotton Mather stands out as a theologian and historian, who wrote the history of the colonies with a judgment to Gods activity in their midst and to connecting the Puritan leaders with the great heroes of the Christian faith. His best-known works include the Magnalia Christi Americana, the Wonders of the Invisible World and The Biblia Americana. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield represented the Great Awakening, a religious revival in the early eighteenth cytosine that asserted strict Calvinism.Other Puritan and religious writers include Thomas Hooker, Thomas Shepard, John Wise, and Samuel Willard. Less stric t and serious writers included Samuel Sewall (who wrote a diary revealing the casual life of the late 17th light speed),2 and Sarah Kemble Knight. New England was not the only area in the colonies southern literature is represented by the diary of William Byrd of Virginia, as well as by The History of the Dividing Line, which detailed the chasse to survey the swamp between Virginia and North Carolina but which also comments on the different life titles of the Native Americans and the color settlers in the area.2 In a similar book, Travels by means of North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West, William Bartram described in great detail the Southern landscape and the Native American peoples whom he encountered Bartrams book was real hot in Europe, world translated into German, French and Dutch. 2 As the colonies moved towards their break with England, perhaps one of the most important discussions of American culture and identity came from the French immigrant J.Hector St. John de Crevec? ur, whose Letters from an American sodbuster addresses the question what is an American by moving between praise for the opportunities and peace offered in the new connection and recognition that the solid life of the farmer must rest uneasily between the oppressive aspects of the urban life (with its luxuries built on slavery) and the lawless aspects of the frontier, where the lack of hearty structures leads to the loss of civilized living.2 This same rate of flow saw the birth of African American literature, finished the poetry of Phillis Wheatley and, in compendiously after the Revolution, the slave biography of Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. This era also saw the birth of Native American literature, through the two published works of Samson Occom A Sermon Preached at the Execution of Moses Paul and a popular hymnbook, Collection of Hymns and Spiritual word of honorgs, the first Indian best-seller.3 The revoluti onary period also contained political writings, including those by colonists Samuel Adams, Josiah Quincy, John Dickinson, and Joseph Galloway, a loyalist to the crown. Two disclose figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine. Franklins Poor Richards Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American identity. Paines pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political smelling of the period.During the revolution itself, poems and songs such as Yankee Doodle and Nathan Hale were popular. Major satirists included John Trumbull and Francis Hopkinson. Philip Morin Freneau also wrote poems about the wars course. During the 18th century, writing shifted focus from the Puritanical ideals of Winthrop and Bradford to the power of the benignant mind and rational thought. The belief that human and natural occurrences were messages from God no longer fit with the new human centered world. Many intellectuals believed that the human mind could comprehend the universe through the laws of physics as described by Isaac Newton.The enormous scientific, economic, mixer, and philosophical, changes of the 18th century, called the Enlightenment, impacted the authority of man of the cloth and scripture, making way for democratic principles. The increase in population helped poster for the greater diversity of opinion in religious and political life as seen in the literature of this time. In 1670, the population of the colonies numbered approximately 111,000. Thirty years later it was more than 250,000. By 1760, it reached 1,600,000.1 The growth of communities and accordingly social life led people to become more interested in the progress of individuals and their share experience on the colonies. These new ideals are accounted for in the widespread popularity of Benjamin Franklins Autobiography. Post-independence In the post-war period, Thomas Jeffersons United States Declaration of Independence, his influence on the United States Constitution, his autobiography, the Notes on the State of Virginia, and his many letter solidify his spot as one of the most talented early American writers.The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton, pack Madison, and John Jay presented a significant historical discussion of American government organization and republican values. Fisher Ames, James Otis, and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and orations. Much of the early literature of the new nation struggled to find a uniquely American voice in existing literary genre, and this tendency was also reflected in myths. European forms and styles were often transferred to new locales and critics often saw them as inferior.First American novels It was in the late 18th and early 19th centuries that the nations first novels were published. These fictions were too lengthy to be printed as manuscrip t or public reading. Publishers took a chance on these works in hopes they would become steady sellers and need to be reprinted. This was a good bet as literacy rates soared in this period among both men and women. Among the first American novels are Thomas Attwood Digges Adventures of Alonso, published in London in 1775 and William Hill Browns The Power of Sympathy published in 1791.1 Browns novel fork outs a tragic love story between siblings who fell in love without knowing they were related. This epistolary novel belongs to the Sentimental novel tradition, as do the two following. In the next decade important women writers also published novels. Susanna Rowson is best known for her novel, Charlotte A Tale of Truth, published in London in 1791. 4 In 1794 the novel was reissued in Philadelphia under the title, Charlotte Temple. Charlotte Temple is a seduction tale, written in the third person, which warns against listening to the voice of love and counsels resistance.In addition to this best selling novel, she wrote nine novels, six theatrical works, two collections of poetry, six textbooks, and countless songs. 4 Reaching more than a one thousand thousand and a half readers over a century and a half, Charlotte Temple was the biggest seller of the 19th century before Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. Although Rowson was extremely popular in her time and is often adjudge in accounts of the development of the early American novel, Charlotte Temple is often criticized as a sentimental novel of seduction.Hannah Webster Fosters The minx Or, the History of Eliza Wharton was published in 1797 and was also extremely popular. 5 Told from Fosters point of view and based on the real life of Eliza Whitman, this epistolary novel is about a woman who is seduced and abandoned. Eliza is a coquette who is courted by two very different men a clergyman who offers her the comfort and regularity of domestic life, and a tell libertine. She fails to choose between them and finds herse lf single when both men get married. She eventually yields to the artful libertine and gives birth to an illegitimate stillborn child at an inn.The Coquette is praised for its demonstration of this eras contradictory ideals of womanhood. 6 Both The Coquette and Charlotte Temple are novels that treat the safe of women to live as equals as the new democratic experiment. These novels are of the Sentimental genre, characterized by overindulgence in emotion, an invitation to listen to the voice of reason against misleading passions, as well as an optimistic overemphasis on the intrinsic goodness of humanity. Sentimentalism is often thought to be a reaction against the Calvinistic belief in the immorality of human nature.7 While many of these novels were popular, the economic infrastructure of the time did not allow these writers to make a living through their writing alone. 8 The first author to be able to support himself through the income generated by his publications alone was Wash ington Irving. He completed his first major book in 1809 entitled A History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty. 9 Charles Brockden Brown is another early American novelist, produce Wieland in 1798, Ormond in 1799, and Edgar Huntly in 1799.These novels are of the Gothic genre. Of the picaresque genre, Hugh Henry Brackenridge published Modern chivalry in 1792-1815 Tabitha Gilman Tenney wrote Female Quixotism Exhibited in the Romantic Opinions and Extravagant Adventure of Dorcasina Sheldon in 1801 Charlotte Lennox wrote The Female Quixote in 1752, and Royall Tyler wrote The Algerine Captive in 1797. 7 Other notable authors include William Gilmore Simms, who wrote Martin Faber in 1833, Guy Rivers in 1834, and The Yemassee in 1835. Lydia maria Child wrote Hobomok in 1824 and The Rebels in 1825.John Neal wrote Logan, A Family History in 1822, Rachel Dyer in 1828, and The Down-Eaters in 1833. Catherine maria Sedgwick wrote A New England Tale in 18 22, Redwood in 1824, Hope Leslie in 1827, and The Linwoods in 1835. James Kirke Paulding wrote The Lion of the West in 1830, The Dutchmans Fireside in 1831, and Westward Ho in 1832. Robert capital of Alabama Bird wrote Calavar in 1834 Niguel Miller and Tacoya Hughes and Nick of the Woods in 1837. James Fenimore Cooper was also a notable author best known for his novel, The Last of the Mohicans written in 1826.7 Unique American style Edgar Allan Poe portrait. With the War of 1812 and an increasing desire to produce uniquely American literature and culture, a number of key new literary figures emerged, perhaps most prominently Washington Irving, William Cullen Bryant, James Fenimore Cooper, and Edgar Allan Poe. Irving, often considered the first writer to develop a unique American stylecitation needed (although this has been debated) wrote humorous works in Salmagundi and the satire A History of New York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809).Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry, which evolved away from their European origins. In 1832, Poe began writing short stories including The Masque of the Red Death, The Pit and the Pendulum, The Fall of the House of Usher, and The Murders in the Rue mortuary that explore previously hidden levels of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction toward mystery and fantasy. Coopers Leatherstocking Tales about Natty Bumppo (which includes The Last of the Mohicans) were popular both in the new country and abroad.Humorous writers were also popular and included Seba Smith and Benjamin P. Shillaber in New England and Davy Crockett, Augustus Baldwin Longstreet, Johnson J. Hooper, Thomas Bangs Thorpe, and George Washington Harris writing about the American frontier. The New England Brahmins were a group of writers connected to Harvard University and its seat in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The core included James Russell Lowell, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. Ralph Waldo Emerson.In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson (18031882), an ex-minister, published a startling nonfiction work called Nature, in which he claimed it was possible to dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and responding to the natural world. His work influenced not only the writers who gathered around him, forming a movement known as transcendental philosophy, but also the public, who heard him lecture. Emersons most gifted fellow-thinker was perhaps Henry David Thoreau (18171862), a resolute nonconformist. After living mostly by himself for two years in a confine by a wooded pond, Thoreau wrote Walden, a book-length memoir that urges resistance to the meddlesome dictates of organized society. His radical writings express a deep-rooted tendency toward individualisation in the American character. Other writers influenced by Transcendentalism were Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, George Ripley, Orestes Brownson, and Jones Very. 10 Just as one of the great works of the Revolutionary period was written by a Frenchman, so too was one of the great works about America from this generation, viz., Alexis de Tocquevilles two-volume nation in America, which (like the colonial explorers) described his trip outs through the modern country, making observations about the relations between democracy, liberty, equality, individualism and community. The political conflict surrounding Abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and his paper The Liberator, along with poet John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world-famous Uncle Toms Cabin.These efforts were supported by the continuation of the slave narrative autobiography, of which the best known examples from this period include Frederick Douglasss Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American striver, Harriet Jacobss Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. At the same time, Native American autobiography develops, most notably in William Apesss A Son of the Fores t and George Copways The Life, History and Travels of Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh.Moreover, minority authors were beginning to publish fiction, as in William come up Browns Clotel or, The Presidents Daughter, Martin Delanys Blake or, The Huts of America and Harriet E. Wilsons Our Nig as early African American novels, and John Rollin Ridges The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta The Celebrated California Bandit, which is considered the first Native American novel but which also is an early story about Mexican American issues. Nathaniel Hawthorne. In 1837, the young Nathaniel Hawthorne (18041864) collected some of his stories as Twice-Told Tales, a volume rich in symbolism and occult incidents.Hawthorne went on to write full-length romances, quasi-allegorical novels that explore such themes as guilt, pride, and emotional repression in his native New England. His masterpiece, The blood-red Letter, is the stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing adultery. Hawthornes fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (18191891), who first made a name for himself by act material from his seafaring days into exotic and sensational sea narrative novels.Inspired by Hawthornes focus on allegories and dark psychology, Melville went on to write romances replete with philosophical speculation. In Moby-Dick, an adventurous whaling pilot becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession, the nature of evil, and human struggle against the elements. In another fine work, the short novel Billy Budd, Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of war. His more profound books sold poorly, and he had been long forgotten by the time of his death. He was rediscovered in the early decades of the 20th century.Anti-transcendental works from Melville, Hawthorne, and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism subgenre of literature popular during this time. American dramatic literature, by contrast, rebrinye d dependent on European models, although many playwrights did attempt to apply these forms to American topics and themes, such as immigrants, westward expansion, temperance, etc. At the same time, American playwrights created several long-lasting American character types, especially the Yankee, the Negro and the Indian, exemplified by the characters of Jonathan, Sambo and Metamora.In addition, new dramatic forms were created in the Tom Shows, the showboat theater and the minstrel show. Among the best plays of the period are James Nelson Barkers superstition or, the Fanatic Father, Anna Cora Mowatts Fashion or, Life in New York, Nathaniel Bannisters Putnam, the Iron Son of 76, Dion Boucicaults The Octoroon or, Life in Louisiana, and Cornelius Mathewss Witchcraft or, the Martyrs of Salem. Early American poetry Walt Whitman, 1856. See also American poetry.Americas two greatest 19th-century poets could hardly have been more different in temperament and style. Walt Whitman (18191892) was a working man, a traveler, a self-appointed nurse during the American Civil War (18611865), and a poetic innovator. His magnum opus was Leaves of Grass, in which he uses a free-flowing verse and lines of irregular length to depict the all-inclusiveness of American democracy. Taking that motif one step further, the poet equates the vast range of American experience with himself without being egotistical.For example, in Song of Myself, the long, central poem in Leaves of Grass, Whitman writes These are really the thoughts of all men in all ages and lands, they are not original with me Whitman was also a poet of the body the body electric, as he called it. In Studies in Classic American Literature, the English novelist D. H. Lawrence wrote that Whitman was the first to smash the old moral aim that the soul of man is something superior and above the flesh. Emily Dickinson (18301886), on the other hand, lived the sheltered life of a courtly unmarried woman in small-town Amherst, M assachusetts.Within its formal structure, her poetry is ingenious, witty, exquisitely wrought, and psychologically penetrating. Her work was go-as-you-please for its day, and little of it was published during her lifetime. Many of her poems dwell on death, often with a mischievous twist. One, Because I could not stop for Death, begins, He kindly stopped for me. The opening of another Dickinson poem toys with her position as a woman in a male-dominated society and an unrecognized poet Im nobody Who are you?/ Are you nobody too? American poetry arguably reached its peak in the early-to-mid-20th century, with such noted writers as Wallace Stevens and his Harmonium (1923) and The Auroras of Autumn (1950), T. S. Eliot and his The Waste Land (1922), Robert Frost and his North of Boston (1914) and New Hampshire (1923), hart put out and his White Buildings (1926) and the epic cycle, The Bridge (1930), Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams and his epic poem about his New Jersey hometown, Paterson, Marianne Moore, E.E. Cummings, Edna St. Vincent Millay and Langston Hughes, in addition to many others. Realism, Twain and James Mark Twain, 1907. Mark Twain (the pen name used by Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 18351910) was the first major American writer to be born away from the East border in the border state of Missouri. His regional masterpieces were the memoir Life on the Mississippi and the novels Adventures of Tom sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.Twains style influenced by journalism, wedded to the vernacular, direct and unadorned but also highly evocative and irreverently humorous changed the way Americans write their language. His characters speak like real people and fit distinctively American, using local phrasal idioms, newly invented words, and regional accents. Other writers interested in regional differences and dialect were George W. Cable, Thomas Nelson Page, Joel Chandler Harris, Mary Noailles Murfree (Charles Egbert Craddock), Sarah Orne Jewe tt, Mary E.Wilkins Freeman, Henry Cuyler Bunner, and William Sydney Porter (O. Henry). A version of local color regionalism that concentrate on minority experiences can be seen in the works of Charles W. Chesnutt (African American), of Maria Ruiz de Burton, one of the earliest Mexican American novelists to write in English, and in the Yiddish-inflected works of Abraham Cahan. William Dean Howells also represented the realist tradition through his novels, including The Rise of Silas Lapham and his work as editor of the Atlantic Monthly.Henry James (18431916) confronted the Old World-New World predicament by writing directly about it. Although born in New York City, he spent most of his adult years in England. Many of his novels center on Americans who live in or travel to Europe. With its intricate, highly qualified sentences and dissection of emotional and psychological nuance, Jamess fiction can be daunting. Among his more accessible works are the novellas Daisy Miller, about an enchanting American miss in Europe, and The Turn of the Screw, an doubtful ghost story.Realism also influenced American drama of the period, in part through the works of Howells but also through the works of such Europeans as Ibsen and Zola. Although realism was most influential in basis of set design and stagingaudiences loved the special effects offered up by the popular melodramasand in the growth of local color plays, it also showed up in the more subdued, less romantic tone that reflected the effects of the Civil War and continued social turmoil on the American psyche.The most overambitious attempt at bringing modern realism into the drama was James Hernes Margaret Fleming, which addressed issues of social determinism through realistic dialogue, psychological insight and symbolism the play was not a success, as critics and audiences analogous felt it dwelt too much on unseemly topics and included improper scenes, such as the main character nursing her husbands illegitimate child onstage. Beginning of the 20th century Ernest Hemingway in World War I uniform. At the beginning of the 20th century, American novelists were expanding fictions social spectrum to encompass both high and low life and sometimesconnected to the naturalist school of realism. In her stories and novels, Edith Wharton (18621937) scrutinized the upper-class, Eastern-seaboard society in which she had grown up. One of her finest books, The Age of Innocence, centers on a man who chooses to marry a conventional, socially acceptable woman rather than a fascinating outsider. At about the same time, Stephen Crane (18711900), best known for his Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage, depicted the life of New York City prostitutes in Maggie A Girl of the Streets.And in Sister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser (18711945) portrayed a country girl who moves to Chicago and becomes a kept woman. Hamlin Garland and Frank Norris wrote about the problems of American farmers and other social issues from a n aturalist perspective. More directly political writings discussed social issues and power of corporations. Some like Edward Bellamy in Looking Backward outlined other possible political and social frameworks. Upton Sinclair, most famous for his muck-raking novel The Jungle, advocated socialism. Other political writers of the period included Edwin Markham, William Vaughn Moody. Journalistic critics, including Ida M.Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens were labeled The Muckrakers. Henry Brooks Adams literate person autobiography, The Education of Henry Adams also depicted a stinging description of the education system and modern life. Experimentation in style and form soon joined the new freedom in undecided matter. In 1909, Gertrude Stein (18741946), by then an expatriate in Paris, published Three Lives, an innovative work of fiction influenced by her familiarity with cubism, jazz, and other movements in contemporary art and music. Stein labeled a group of American literary notables who li ved in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s as the Lost genesis.The poet Ezra Pound (18851972) was born in Idaho but spent much of his adult life in Europe. His work is complex, sometimes obscure, with multiple references to other art forms and to a vast range of literature, both Western and Eastern. He influenced many other poets, notably T. S. Eliot (18881965), another expatriate. Eliot wrote spare, cerebral poetry, carried by a dense structure of symbols. In The Waste Land, he embodied a jaundiced vision of postWorld War I society in fragmented, haunted images. Like Pounds, Eliots poetry could be highly allusive, and some editions of The Waste Land come with footnotes supplied by the poet.In 1948, Eliot won the Nobel scratch in Literature. Stein, Pound and Eliot, along with Henry James before them, demonstrate the growth of an global perspective in American literature, and not simply because they spend long periods of time overseas. American writers had long looked to European models for inspiration, but whereas the literary breakthroughs of the mid-19th century came from finding distinctly American styles and themes, writers from this period were finding ways of contributing to a flourishing international literary scene, not as imitators but as equals.Something similar was happening back in the States, as Jewish writers (such as Abraham Cahan) used the English language to reach an international Jewish audience. And a small group of Arab American writers known as the Al-Rabitah al-Qalamiyah (a. k. a. the New York Pen League) and under the leadership of Khalil Gibran, were enthralling modernist European influences and thereby introduced innovative forms and themes into Arabic-language literature. American writers also expressed the disillusionment following upon the war.The stories and novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald (18961940) capture the restless, pleasure-hungry, resistive mood of the 1920s. Fitzgeralds characteristic theme, expressed poignantly in The Great G atsby, is the tendency of youths golden dreams to dissolve in failure and disappointment. Fitzgerald also elucidates the collapse of some key American Ideals, set out in the Declaration of Independence, such as liberty, social unity, good governance and peace, features which were severely peril by the pressures of modern early 20th century society.Sinclair Lewis and Sherwood Anderson also wrote novels with critical depictions of American life. John commonwealth Passos wrote about the war and also the U. S. A. trilogy which extended into the Depression. F. Scott Fitzgerald, photographed by Carl van Vechten, 1937. Ernest Hemingway (18991961) saw violence and death first-hand as an ambulance driver in World War I, and the carnage persuaded him that abstract language was mostly empty and misleading. He cut out unnecessary words from his writing, simplified the sentence structure, and concentrated on concrete objects and actions.He adhered to a moral code that emphasized grace under pr essure, and his protagonists were strong, silent men who often dealt awkwardly with women. The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms are generally considered his best novels in 1954, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Five years before Hemingway, another American novelist had won the Nobel Prize William Faulkner (18971962). Faulkner managed to encompass an enormous range of humanity in Yoknapatawpha County, a Mississippian region of his own invention.He preserve his characters seemingly unedited ramblings in order to represent their inner states, a technique called stream of consciousness. (In fact, these passages are carefully crafted, and their seemingly chaotic structure conceals multiple layers of meaning. )He also jumbled time sequences to show how the past especially the slave-holding era of the Deep South endures in the present. Among his great works are Absalom, Absalom , As I Lay Dying, The Sound and th .