Reaction Paper: Mankind: Story of All of Us

Reaction Paper: Mankind: Story of all of us – History Channel The documentary that was assigned for us to watch is all about the beginning of mankind. Not exactly about the evolution of men (ape to human), but how men developed through times and what were the first inventions made by the human beings. It is said that it has been documented for 3 years, and it is such a privilege to be able to watch the episode. For me it was easy to understand. The story is illustrated well by the actors and you could also feel like going back in time together with the people who have been documenting these stories.I think it is educational and must be required in high school to watch the episodes in their world history class. The stories that’d been shown in the first episode are mostly discussed in my world history class during my high school years. With the illustration, it is easier for the students to understand what really happened at that time and it will surely remain in our min d just like a favorite movie that we once watched. The documentary started from when we were cavemen. We wandered around, looked for place to live and basic needs to survive. We can see from just that scene that men were created intelligent. Associated article: Reaction Paper About Stage PlayAnd from the discovery of fire, our developments as being a human have started. I actually started watching from the part where a woman discovers farming. If she didn’t discover the ways of farming, we wouldn’t be able to develop even greater inventions like we have in the present. The documentary explained that this was one of the biggest factor in the history; not only positively but negatively, It has also became the cause of crimes and wars. In the documentary, we could conclude that people are natural warriors. To be able to survive from what we think is a threat; we would fight with the other group of men or tribe.We will protect what we think is ours and to conquer others when we think they got more than what we have. Through the years, the development of the weapons has become the greatest part in our history. How the people discovered the material and made it into a sharp object. How they learned to exchange th ings and to market. In these times they discovered exporting and importing system. From the usage of stones for weapons, it became tin, and then another mineral, then learned to use iron. Which in modern days, iron is very important for building bridges and buildings. Chinese were really clever ever since.They have invented new kinds of weapons which are more accurate and more powerful. They are also the one who started the mass production in weapons. I think it somehow shows in the current economy of the China. What I really liked in the history that they’ve shown in the documentary are the building of the pyramid and the Great Wall of China. It is amazing how people managed to build such a gigantic architect during those times and without any help of our modern technology. Everything was calculated precisely. And writing was the biggest factor that has helped them in building those.I still wonder how and where they got the 2 million blocks for building the pyramid. And to t hink many people have sacrificed in making both of the architectural structure for 20 years for Pyramid and 118 years for the Great Wall of China (if I remembered correctly), it is really amazing. I don’t know if it’s still possible for modern men to build anything that is as amazing without the help of any machinery. Because of the high technological inventions, people have become more dependent and lazy. Even if there’re going to be an amazing new architect, I wouldn’t be as amazed as I do for those old architectural structure.But it doesn’t mean that the development and advancement in technology is bad. I think it is also important to appreciate the hard work that had been exerted by the men who have sacrificed their life in building it. The documentary has become a great reminder and a lesson to me. I would recommend other people to watch these episodes for it might change us in the way we see life in a positive ways. I hope there will be more great invention and not all those useless inventions made by idle scientists. People really should get a good example from the men in golden times. Not with the invention of weapons but inventions towards peace.

Shaka Zulu

Shaka Zulu was the first son of the chieftain Senzangakhona and Nandi, a daughter of Bhebhe, the past chief of the Elangeni tribe, born near present-day Melmoth, KwaZulu-Natal Province. He was conceived out of wedlock somewhere between 1781 and 1787. Shaka almost certainly spent his childhood in his mother's settlements. Shaka served as an Mthethwa warrior for perhaps as long as ten years, and distinguished himself with his courage, though he did not, as legend has it, rise to great position. Dingiswayo, having himself been exiled after a failed attempt to oust his father, had, along with a number of other groups in the region (including Mabhudu, Dlamini, Mkhize, Qwabe, and Ndwandwe, many probably responding to slaving pressures from southern Mozambique) helped develop new ideas of military and social organization. On the death of Senzangakhona, Dingiswayo aided Shaka to defeat his brother and assume leadership in 1816. He became the leader of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 through 1828. As Shaka became more respected by his people, he was able to spread his ideas with greater ease. Because of his background as a soldier, Shaka taught the Zulus that the most effective way of becoming powerful quickly was by conquering and controlling other tribes. His teachings greatly influenced the social outlook of the Zulu people. The Zulu tribe soon developed a â€Å"warrior† mind frame, which made it easier for Shaka to build up his armies. Dingane and Mhlangana, Shaka's half-brothers, appear to have made at least two attempts to assassinate Shaka before they succeeded, with perhaps support from Mpondo elements, and some disaffected iziYendane people. While the British colonialists considered his regime to be a future threat, allegations that white traders wished his death are problematic given that Shaka had granted concessions to whites prior to his death, including the right to settle at Port Natal (now Durban). Shaka had made enough enemies among his own people to hasten his demise. It came relatively quickly after the devastation caused by Shaka's erratic behavior after the death of his mother Nandi. According to Donald Morris in this mourning period Shaka ordered that no crops should be planted during the following year, no milk was to be used, and any woman who became pregnant was to be killed along with her husband. At least 7,000 people who were deemed to be insufficiently grief-stricken were executed, though it wasn't restricted to humans, cows were slaughtered so that their calves would know what losing a mother felt like. The Zulu monarch was killed by three assassins sometime in 1828; September is the most often cited date, when almost all available Zulu manpower had been sent on yet another mass sweep to the north. Some older histories have doubted the military and social innovations customarily attributed to Shaka, denying them outright, or attributing them variously to European influences. More modern researchers argue that such explanations fall short, and that the general Zulu culture which included other tribes and clans, contained a number of practices that Shaka could have drawn on to fulfill his objectives—whether in raiding, conquest or hegemony. Shaka is often said to have been dissatisfied with the long throwing â€Å"assegai,† and credited with introducing a new variant of the weapon — the â€Å"iklwa,† a short stabbing spear with a long, sword-like spearhead. Shaka is also supposed to have introduced a larger, heavier shield made of cowhide and to have taught each warrior how to use the shield's left side to hook the enemy's shield to the right, exposing his ribs for a fatal spear stab. The throwing spear was not discarded but used as an initial missile weapon before close contact with the enemy; when the shorter stabbing spear was used in hand to hand combat.

Have race relations changed among different races today Essay

Have race relations changed among different races today - Essay Example e higher among minority groups when compared to Caucasians, but these groups have been shown to earn much less than what their Caucasian counterparts earn. There tends to be very little likelihood of either African American or Latino men to be given employment as managers or as professionals and they are more likely to only get jobs, which involve labor. This also applies to women from minorities who have to work much harder and for lesser pay than their counterparts do in order to get positions of authority (Phelan, 376). While there are still instances of discrimination, there have been changes in the racial relations between the different races in the United States today. This can be seen through the increasing levels of intermarriage as well as the formation of strong friendships between them. It can therefore be said that despite the fact that the racial relations in the United States still have a long way to go before they are equal, there have been enough changes to put this process on the right

Seven Names for Seven Dwarves Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seven Names for Seven Dwarves - Essay Example Having seen the Disney version so many times throughout my life, I thought this would be no problem. However, as I sat and stared at the blank piece of paper, I could only remember three right away--Doc, Sleepy, and Dopey. This assignment would prove to be a little harder than I had originally anticipated. As a child, Dopey and Doc had been my two favorites; Doc because he was so smart and Dopey because he was so funny. This show of favoritism made those two easy to remember and made me laugh as I recalled some of the things Dopey would trip over. Sleepy had been my nickname for a long time because no matter how much I rested the night before, I always seemed to be tired the next day. Through association, this made that dwarf easy to remember as well. For the final two dwarves, I tried to recall all of the dwarves in context to the Disney movie, but this proved to be useless as the only parts I could recall at first were the parts with songs: now the song "Heigh Ho" is stuck in my head, and I'm afraid the only way to get rid of that song is to start whistling while I work. Then an image of a dwarf popped into my head: there had been a shy one hiding behind the others. Through the use of synonyms and word associations, I finally went from "Shy" to Bashful. This left just one name to figure out. This last name proved to be the most difficult to remember.

Colonisism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Colonisism - Essay Example Colonism always takes place because of the colonising nation feels that it can exploit various benefits out of the colonial territory. For e-g British Empire in 1800s took control of the Indian Subcontinent via colonism because of the world famous spices that India was producing and because of their famous silk cloth. If they would have not done this, India would have become a richer and much powerful state than the British themselves. So, Britishers exploited India by taking these resources under their own control and then exporting them to other parts of the world earning huge amounts. Similarly, all other colonies we formed because the colonising nation felt the gains they could exploit by setting up their bases in those areas. Whether these gains be economic, political, social or whatever they be , all colonies were formed because of the incentive that were present there for the colonising nations. To use cheap labour of the country to maximise efficiency and gain. For e-g Indian soldiers were not only used to protect India but during World War 2, Britishers sent them on war front representing The British Empire. To create link with countries that borders with the colonised nation. For e-g When Britishers took over Indian sub-continent, they created links with Afghanistan and China. By these links they were able to create their own influence in Afghanistan and were near colonizing Afghanistan too. To develop trade links with neighboring countries and increasing foreign trade with them this will earn revenue. To use the natural resources of the colonized countries. For some countries are better suited for agriculture than others. Some are richer in natural resources such as oil. By having these countries under your banner, you own their resources as well. Hence, colonism leads to free use of such resources. By using the infrastructural links that a colony has with its neighboring countries it can use these infrastructural facilities for their own purpose. For e-g Indian Subcontinent had good road networks with Afghanistan. Now whenever Britain wanted to export anything to Afghanistan, instead of using expensive ports and port taxes and other duties, they simply used these road networks as a mean to have their goods delivered to Afghanistan. Apart from natural resources, skills and aptitudes of local population will be exploited by the colonizing nation. In the end, one can say that this colonism reaps a lot of benefits to the colonizing country. These can be political, social or economic. From an ethical point of view colonism is never justified. But the wealth that it brings to the colonizing nation is enormous and also the economic incentives are massive. So, these countries never look at ethical point of view but work towards their own interest which everyone in the world has the right to

South Korea's Environmental Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

South Korea's Environmental Analysis - Essay Example There exist tight knitted system between the government and businesses in the labor market with the government ensuring that the laws and regulations on getting business startup licenses and procedures take the shortest time possible. This is carried out in order to continue increasing the labor market and completely eliminate the low unemployment rate still remaining in the nation. The only problem that the free market system has is that with the lack of strict market control by the government, corruption has been on the increase as people try to control the markets and monopolize it and especially the local market where the government does not bother much with. The corruption has rendered small and medium sized business had to flourish and succeed as the larger established businesses take up the larger share in the foreign investment and use their market stability to expand their wealth and sophistication making it hard to compete successfully (Mo & Brady, 2010). South Korea due to its establishment in the global market and economic success has it small and medium sized companies facing several entry and exit barriers. Some of these barriers include reputation, price discrimination, capital costs and organizational advantage among others (Mo & Brady, 2010). With some of these companies having established themselves in the industry, the startup companies face a very high capital cost just so that they can be able to establish themselves even if not match to the same level in assets and competition. The high capital costs requires heavy borrowing from banks and this leads to the company starting on a high debt percentage and this affects its sustainability in the industry. Even if it wants to exit the market, the debts and other overhead charges will be too much for it leading it bankrupt. With the large established organizations in South Korea such as Samsung and LG, they have cemented their organizational cultures and

Topic and instruction , see below my instruction file Research Paper

Topic and instruction , see below my instruction file - Research Paper Example Although the previous cards were still considered as credit cards, the first true credit cards were developed after Second World War (Arnold 1-5; Mudd 48-50). John Biggins developed the first bank credit card in 1946 while he was working at Flatbush National Bank of Brooklyn. Different organizations contributed in developing the various aspects of the credit card. However, credit card became popular in the 1950s when companies such as American Express and Bank of America developed their credit cards. The credit card was used to enable customers purchase goods and services and pay for them in regular intervals. Moreover, the card enabled banks to offer short-term credit. Additionally the card could allow user to make non-cash purchases while in different locations. Initially, travelers mainly used the credit cards (Arnold 3-5). For credit cards to be successful, a regulatory environment was necessary. Such regulations included the regular validation of the credit card by the vendor. Moreover, the terms of payment had to be clearly stated. The customers had to provide their contact information and billing address (Arnold 2-7). Although credit card companies earn quite a large sum of money from interests, they still adopt dubious tactics to increase their profits at the expense of customers. One such trick is encouraging their customers not to pay their interest in time and use more credit so that they can penalize them. This enables them to increase their late and over the limit fees. The late and over the limit fees have thus grown rapidly. Additionally, some credit card companies provide insurance programs, dishonest marketing promotions, and other universal default policies to solicit money from their customers. Such malpractices include unfair billing and use of blatantly tactics (Whitney 48) There are some credit card abuses, which can be found in learning institutions such as colleges and campuses. Although the laws in

Critical challenges faced by automobile industry Essay

Critical challenges faced by automobile industry - Essay Example Alternative fuels will also play a big part in increasing the market share in the near future. The present low cost of oil will not be permanent and the public is poised to demand more environmentally friendly automobiles. Electric cars and lithium ion batteries will be a major contributor to this demand. This will create a new market as people are given an incentive to trade up to the newest technology available. However, among the bright spots in the industry are some substantial warning signs. The large number of employees has made employee safety an issue and could be a significant added labor expense in the coming years, which will severely limit profitability. In addition, product safety groups will continue to lobby for safer vehicles that could add additional costs to manufacturing. Finally, the economic health of the Big Three is an unknown factor and will remain so until the US Congress acts and the automakers make concrete plans for their future viability. The industry must be prepared to offer a vehicle that the consumer wants to purchase. This is a considerable obstacle and any action regarding investments must consider this major drawback.

Student Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Student Teaching - Essay Example An intensive reading intervention strategy involving decoding and fluency skills and based on the Phono-Graphix and Read Naturally program was applied to 27 students (Denton, 2006). A 16-week intervention â€Å"resulted in significant improvement in reading, decoding, fluency, and comprehension† (ibid). Students with special needs also respond well to reading interventions. The effectiveness of a supplemental tutoring intervention by the name of Read Well was evaluated on children with learning disabilities, attention-deficit disorder, and English language learners who were also poor readers in a several multiple-probe-across-participants design (Jitendra, 2004). These children â€Å"showed improvement in passage fluency† (ibid) in Year 1 studies and â€Å"growth in reading, spelling, and comprehension for most children† (ibid) in Year 2 studies. Overall, both studies indicated â€Å"benefits of increased instructional intensity and duration for children who struggle with emerging reading skills† (ibid). Students with different primary language backgrounds also respond equally well as a study of 166 struggling readers who underwent phonologically based remediation showed (Lovett, 2008). They either had a reading disability, or were below average in oral or verbal skills besides having English either as a first language (EFL) or had an English language learner (ELL) status. After being randomly assigned to either a special education reading control program or one of three reading interventions, â€Å"the research based interventions proved superior to the special education control on both reading outcomes and rate of growth† (ibid). Moreover, there were no differences between children with EFL and ELL status. Thus, intervention is successful but student’s reading difficulties can have varying causes for which an individually tailored instructional strategy can help to better respond to the unique challenges of

Harsh Parenting during Adolescence Research Paper

Harsh Parenting during Adolescence - Research Paper Example More often than not these social constraints are enforced and reinforced by parents. (Choudhury, Blakemore and Charman) A variety of reasons are prescribed for parental control including (but not limited to) the rebellious attitude of teenagers, the parent’s desire to make the individual more conforming to their ideals and ideologies and the need to make the individual more compliant to social norms and values. These objectives are met by parents in a variety of ways. The relationship between teenagers and parents is generally a rocky one. In order to exert their influence, parents may resort to physical and emotional coercion. (Kelley) Such parental behaviour is seen to affect adolescent growth and their adult behaviour negatively. Most adolescents with coercive parents are known to develop aggressive symptoms later in life. This aggression may be emotional or physical and may continue throughout an adult’s life unabated. (Pedersen) Though the effects of parental contr ol on adolescent behaviour are well documented but the immediate outcomes have been historically overlooked. Parents exerting themselves on children encourage the growth of individuals who are seeking chances to overthrow the established regime of parental control. The results are often disastrous such as school shootouts such as the Columbine massacre. Moreover, teenagers may resort to joining gangs or resort to drug use in order to exert their independence. It remains notable here that all forms of parental control result in deviant social behaviour. Therefore it can be hypothesised that excessive parental control during adolescence can lead to an increase in deviant behaviour in society. This text attempts to analyse such a relationship through secondary research. Literature Review Numerous studies have been conducted in order to clarify the connection between parental exertion and resulting adolescent behaviour. Various perspectives and aspects have been covered through these st udies. This text was prepared by reviewing a few instrumental studies and their results which are discussed below. The distinction between physiological control and behavioural control for human beings has long been established firmly. (Baumrind) Baumrind’s study was conducted over a fourteen weeks period where he observed three different groups of children. The behaviour of each group was markedly different. One group was composed of energetic and friendly children while another group was composed of conflicted children who were irritable. The last group was composed of impulsive and aggressive children. The parents of these children were interviewed to discern the distinct patterns of parenting. There is an overwhelming tendency to combine these two aspects of human control and to study their effects together. Such an approach is hardly considered feasible as it tends to coalesce related aspects so that they are not distinctly recognisable anymore. For example the psycholog ical effects of beatings on a child who is being cajoled psychologically as well cannot be distinctly related. The typological approach developed by Baumrind is highly helpful in this regard as it delineates categorical distinctions to psychologically and behaviourally controlling parents. For example, authoritative parents are represented as being warm and accepting. Such parents tend to establish strict behavioural guidelines but promote psychological

Reading and Comprehension Essay Example for Free

Reading and Comprehension Essay Read 8 Secrets to a Knockout Business Presentation using the SQ3R method. Answer the following questions to assess how well you followed the SQ3R method, and whether it helped. Note: Your grade for the assignment will depend on the quality and honesty of your responses and not on how successful you felt you were. ? What was the main point of the written piece? ? What did each section deal with? ? What questions did you ask yourself as you were reading? ? How can you change your note taking skills for the future? ? What would you do to retain this information for later use? ? How might the SQ3R method help you improve your reading comprehension and retention skills? Gen/105 Week 7: Reading and Comprehension Project 1. The main point of this written piece was to tell the reader what the eight most successful secrets were to delivering a knockout presentation in your business affairs. A lot of people at companies just make boring PowerPoint slides and it has so much irrelevant information that the point of the meeting is masked by a weak presentation. This article shows what to do and how to make a great presentation. 2. Each section of this paper dealt with a new and exciting way to capture the attention of a viewer of your business slides. The writer states to â€Å"dig deep† by adding new information and giving more to the viewer. â€Å"Avoid Info overload† shows that too much information can be detrimental to a project, people can bored and wander off. In the section â€Å"Practice Delivery†, it talks about how to memorized your speech and practice what you are saying. This will avoid mistakes, mishaps and fumbling with words. Also, the writer says to â€Å"forget comedy†, by leaving the humor out the project is more professional and shows that you are serious. By â€Å"pick powerful props† shows your audience that memorable ideas and notions can be obtained by using props, so the audience can remember ideas and thoughts associated with the presentation. Another secret is to â€Å"minimize you†, this means take out information relating to you or the business, because people already know what this information is. It waste space and time, and people can get sidetracked. â€Å"Speak the Language† notes that speaking as you always do will help minimize confusions with acronyms and abbreviated words. Be professional but make sure everyone can understand what is been said. Last but not least, â€Å"simple slides† states that you should use slides in your presentation to highlight important information and key words, don’t let the slides overrun the presentation. 3. The questions that came to mind when I was reading was significant. They dealt with how to maximize information during presentations and how do I apply material that are useful in my projects. I don’t want to use unnecessary information that is irrelevant. I also asked myself if using pictures and props were a good idea. I found out that these two tools are necessary to keep the audience engaged in what you’re talking about. 4. I feel like that I have great note taking skills. I always note key words and phrases. If I have a long or difficult reading I always break it down in paragraphs and take notes on key sentences. I also use an outline format which helps greatly. It is almost like the article written in my own language so I can understand it better. I always use my notes to go over information instead of trying to re-read an entire article to find important facts. 5. I will use notes to retain this information for later use. My notes can be very well written as well as the reading, with the same information available. I always keep notes to look over for extra information and key points. 6. I think the SQ3R method does help my reading and comprehension skills improve. By skimming the article I mentally note key words and phrases. I can see how each paragraphs ends and if there are any vocabulary words noted. Noting questions is helpful as well. Keeping in mind question I would ask about the article will help me find an answer to it within the paper. I believe the method does help a lot especially when it comes to larger papers or article that I need to comprehend.

New competition everywhere Essay Example for Free

New competition everywhere Essay 1) Discuss globalization. Identify define any four major risks that you may perceive during globalization. Identify the challenges that MNC managers face in the 21st century. (1+2+2) 2) Draw the Open System Model for int’l management briefly discuss the variables for the same. (5) 3) Discuss political risk. Define 7 typical political risk events around the world. Discuss how to asses manage political risks. (1+2+2) 4) Distinguish between e-business e-commerce. Discuss technological environment. Discuss the factors affecting the management in the int’l arena. (1+1+3) 1) Discuss CSV. Define human rights MNC responsibilities. Identify discuss some code of conducts for CSR. List define some benefits of CSR in int’l arena. (1+1+1+2) 2) Draw the Moral Philosophy of Cross-cultural Societal Ethics flowchart. Discuss the Relation between ethics technology. Discuss the characteristics of different types of questionable payments. (1+2+2) 3) Discuss how to manage Subsidiary-Host country interdependence. (5) Ch 03_Role of Culture 1) Define culture. Draw briefly discuss the diagram for environmental variables that are affecting management functions.(1+4) 2) Discuss societal organizational cultures. Identify discuss the Affects of culture on management. (1+4) 3) Identify discuss the variables that form the subsystems in a society. (5) Ch 04_Communicating across Cultures 1) Draw the communication process diagram discuss the noise for the same. Define why trust-based relationship is necessary for the success of marketing communication. (2+3) 2) Identify discuss some cultural variables that influence the perceptions of other nations.

Tests of Significance: Uses and Limitations

Tests of Significance: Uses and Limitations Abstract Statistical tools are undoubtedly important in decision making. The use of these tools in everyday problems has led to a number of discoveries, conclusions and enhancement of knowledge. This ranges from direct calculations using general statistical formulas to formulas integrated in Statistical software to fasten the process of decision making. Statistical tools for testing hypothesis, significance tests are strong but only if used correctly and in good understanding of their concepts and limitations. Some researchers have indulged into wrong usage of this tests leading to wrong conclusions. This paper looks at the different significance tests (both parametric and non-parametric tests) their uses, when to be used and their limitations. It also evaluates the use of Statistical Significance tests in Information Retrieval and then proceeds to check the different significant tests used by researchers in the papers submitted to Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval (SIGR) in the period 2006, 2007 and 2008. For the combined period 2006-2008, including the years 2006 and 2008, of the papers submitted had statistical tests used and of these tests were used wrongly. Key Words: Significance Test, Information Retrieval, Parametric Tests, Non-parametric Tests, Hypothesis Testing Chapter One 1.0 Introduction Statistical methods play a very important role in all aspects of research, ranging from data collection, recording, analysis, to making conclusions and inferences. The credibility of the research results and conclusions will depend on each and every step mentioned above; any fault made in these steps can render a research carried out for several years, spending millions of shillings to be worthless. This does not mean carrying any test and mincing figures shows that statistics has been used in the given research; the researcher should be able support why he or she used that specific test or method. Misuse of significance test is not new in the world of science. According to Campbell (1974), there are different types of statistical misuse: Discarding unfavorable portion of data This occurs when the researcher selects only a portion of data which produces the results that he/she requires perfectly while discarding the other portion. After a well done research, the researcher might get values that are not consistent to what he/she was expecting. This researcher might decide to ignore this section of data during the analysis so as to get the â€Å"expected results†. This is a wrong take since the inconsistent data could give very new thoughts in that particular field that is if these irregularities are checked and explained why they occurred, more ideas abut that area can be explored.. Overgeneralization Sometimes the conclusions from a research can only work on that particular research problem but the researcher might blindly generalize the results obtained to other kinds of research similar or dissimilar. Overgeneralization is a common mistake in current research activities. A researcher after successfully completing a research on a particular field, he/she might be tempted to make generalizations reached in this research to other fields of study without regarding the different orientations of these different populations and assumptions in them. Non representative sample This arises when the researcher selects a sample which produces results geared towards his/her liking. Sample selected for a particular study should be one that truly represents the entire population. The procedure of selecting the sample units to be used in the study should be done in an unbiased manner. Consciously manipulating data Occurs when a researcher consciously changes the collected data in order to reach a particular conclusion. This is mainly noticed when the researcher knows exactly what the customers aim are, so the researcher changes part of the data so that the aim of that research is covered strongly. For example if a researcher is carrying out a regression analysis and does a scatter plot, if he/she sees that there are many out liers,the researcher might decide to change some values so that the scatter plot appears as a straight line or something very close to that. This act leads to results which are appealing to the customer and the eyes of other user but in real sense does not give a clear indicator of what is really happening in the population at large. 1.0.5 False correlation This is observed when the researcher claims that one factor causes the other while in real sense both two factors are caused by another hidden factor which was not identified during the study. Correlation researches are common in social sciences and sometimes they are not adequately approached, this leads to wanting results. In correlation studies say to check if variable X causes variable Y, in real sense there are four possible things. The first one is that X causes Y,secondly Y causes X, third is X and Y are both caused by another unidentified variable say Z and lastly the correlation between X and Y occurred purely by sheer luck. All these possibilities should be checked while doing these kinds of study to avoid rushing into wrong conclusions. False causality can be eliminated in studies by using two groups for the same experiment that is the â€Å"control group (the one receiving a placebo)† and the â€Å"treatment group (the one receiving the treatment)† . Even though this method is efficient, implementing it raises very many challenges. There are ethical issues like when one patient is given a placebo (effect less drug) without his/her conscious and the other group given the right drug. One question comes to mind; is it ethical to do this to the first group? Carrying out the experiment in parallel for two different groups can also prove to be very expensive. 1.0.6 Overloaded questions. The questions used in survey can really affect the outcome of the survey. The structure of questions in a questionnaires and the method of formulating and asking the questions can influence the manner in which the respondent answers the questions. Long wordy questions in a questionnaire can be too boring to a respondent and he/she might just fill the questionnaire in a hurry so that he/she finishes it but does not really care about the answers that he/she has provided. The framing of questions can also yield leading questions. Some questions will just lead the respondent on what to answer for example â€Å"The government is not offering security to its citizens, do you agree to this? (Yes or No)† Use of statistical significance has been with us for more than 300 years (Huberty, 1993).Despite being used for a long time, this field of decision making is cornered by criticism from all directions, which has led to many researchers writing materials digging into the problems of statistical significance testing. Harlow et. al (1997), discussed the controversy in significance testing in depth. Carver (1993) expressed dislike of significance tests and clearly advocated researchers to stop using them. In his book, How to Lie with Statistics, Huff (1954) outlined errors both intentional and unintentional and misinterpretations made in statistical analyses in depth. Some journals e.g. American Psychological Association (APA) recommended minimum use of statistical significance test by researchers submitting papers for publications (APA, 1996), though not revoking the use of the tests. With the relentless criticism, other researchers have not given up on using statistical significance testing but have clearly encourage users of the tests to have good knowledge in them before making conclusions using them. Mohr (1990) discussed the use of these tests and supported their use but warning researchers to know the limitations of each tests and correct application of the tests so as to make a correct inferences and conclusions. In his paper, Burr (1960) supported the use of statistical significance test but requested researchers to make allowances for existence of statistical errors in the data. Amidst these controversies, statistical significance testing has been applied to many areas of research and remarkable achievements have been recorded. One such area is the information retrieval (IR). Significant tests have been used to compare different algorithms in information retrieval. 1.1.0 Information retrieval Information retrieval is defined as the science of searching databases, World Wide Web and other documents looking for information on a particular subject. In order to get information, the user is required to enter keywords which are to be used for searching, a combination of objects containing the keywords are usually returned from which the user looking for information can single out and pick one which gives him or her the much required information. The user usually progressively refines the search by narrowing down and using specific words. Information retrieval has developed as a highly dynamic and empirical discipline, requiring careful and thorough evaluation to show the superior performance of different new techniques on representative document collections. There are many algorithms for Information Retrieval .It is usually important to measure the performance of different information retrieval systems so as to know which one gives the required information faster. In order to measure information retrieval effectiveness, three test items are required; (i) A collection of documents on which the different retrieval methods will be run on and compared. (ii) A test collection of information needs which are expressible in terms of queries (iii)A collection of â€Å"relevance judgment† that will distinguish on whether the results returned are relevant to the person doing the search or they are irrelevant. A question might arise on which collection of objects to be used in testing different systems. There are several standard test collections used universally, these include; (i) Text Retrieval Conference (TREC). – This a standard collection comprising 6 CDs containing 1.89 million documents (mainly, but not exclusively, newswire articles) and relevance judgments for 450 information needs, which are called topics and specified in detailed text passages. Individual test collections are defined over different subsets of this data. (ii)GOV2-This was developed by The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).It is a 25 paged collection of web pages. (iii) NII Test Collections for IR Systems (NTCIR)-This is also a large test collection focusing mainly on East Asian language and cross-language information retrieval, where queries are made in one language over a document collection containing documents in one or more other languages. (iii) Cross Language Evaluation Forum (CLEF). This Test collection is mainly focused on European languages and cross-language information retrieval. (iv) 20 Newsgroups. This text collection was collected by Ken Lang. It consists of 1000 articles from each of 20 Usenet newsgroups (the newsgroup name being regarded as the category). After the removal of duplicate articles, as it is usually used, it contains 18941 articles. (v) The Cranfield collection. This is the oldest test collection in allowing precise quantitative measures of information retrieval effectiveness, but is nowadays too small for anything but the most elementary pilot experiments. It was collected in the United Kingdom starting in the late 1950s and it contains 1398 abstracts of aerodynamics journal articles, a set of 225 queries, and exhaustive relevance judgments of all (query, document) pairs. There exist several methods of measuring the performance of retrieval systems namely; Precision, Recall, Fall-Out, E-measure and F-measure just to mention a few since researchers are coming up with other new methods. A brief description of each method will shade some light. 1.1.1 Recall Recall in information retrieval is defined as the number of relevant documents returned from a search divided by the total number of documents that can be retrieved from a database. Recall can also be looked at as evaluating how well the method that is being used to retrieve information gets the required information. Letbe the set of all retrieved objects andbe the set of all relevant objects then, Recall(1.1) As an example, if a database contains 500 documents, out of which 100 contain relevant information required by a researcher, the complement ,number of documents not required = 400. If the researcher uses a system to search for the documents in this database and it return 100 documents of which all of them are relevant to the researcher, then the recall is given by: Recall Supposed that out of 120 returned documents, 30 are irrelevant, then the recall would be given by Recall 1.1.2 Precision Precision is defined as the number of relevant documents retrieved from the system over the total number of documents retrieved in that search. It valuates how well the method being used to retrieve information filters the unwanted information. Letbe the set of all retrieved objects andbe the set of all relevant objects then, Precision(1.2) As an example, if a database contains 500 documents, out of which 100 contain relevant information required by a researcher, the complement ,number of documents not required = 400. If the researcher uses a system to search for the documents in this database and it returns 100 documents of which all of them are relevant to the researcher, then the precision is given by: Precision Supposed that out of 120 returned documents, 30 are irrelevant, then the precision would be given by Precision Both precision and recall are based on one term; Relevance Oxford dictionary defines relevance as â€Å"connected to the issue being discussed†. Yolanda Jones (2004) identified three types of relevance, namely; Subject relevance which is the connection between the subject submitted via a query and subject covered by returned texts. Situational relevance: connection between the situation being considered and texts returned by database system. Motivational relevance: connection between the motivations of a researcher and texts returned by database system. There are two measures of relevance; Novelty Ratio: This refers to the proportion of items returned from a search and acknowledged by the user as being relevant, of which they were previously unaware of. Coverage Ratio: This refers to the proportion of items returned from a search out of the total relevant documents that the user was aware of before he/she started the search. Precision and recall affect each other i.e. increase in recall value decreases precision value. If one increases a system’s ability to retrieve more documents, this implies increasing recall, this will have a drawback since the system will also be retrieving more irrelevant documents hence reducing the precision of that system. This means that a trade-off is required in these two measures so as to ensure better search results. Precision and recall measures make use of the following assumptions They make the assumption that either a system returns a document or doesn’t. They make the assumption that either the document is relevant or not relevant, nothing in between. New methods are being introduced by researchers which rank the degree of relevance of the documents. 1.1. 3 Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve This is the plot of the true positive rate or sensitivity against the false positive rate or (1 − specificity).Sensitivity is just another term for recall. The false positive rate is given by. An ROC curve always goes from the bottom left to the top right of the graph. For a good system, the graph climbs steeply on the left side. For unranked result sets, specificity, given bywas not seen as a very useful idea. Because the set of true negatives is always so large, its value would be almost 1 for all information needs (and, correspondingly, the value of the false positive rate would be almost 0). 1.1.4 F-measure and E-measure This is defined as the weighted harmonic mean of the recall and precision. Numerically, it is defined as (1.3) Whereis the weight. Ifis assumed to be 1, then (1.4) The E-measure is given by(1.5) E –measure has a maximum value of 1.0, 1.0 being the best. 1.1.5 Fall-Out This is defined as the proportion of irrelevant documents that are returned in a search out of all the possible irrelevant documents. Fall out(1.6) It can also be defined as the probability of a system retrieving an irrelevant document. These are just a few methods of measuring performance of search systems. Then after looking after one system, there arise a problem of comparing two systems or algorithms, that is, is this system better than the other one? To answer this question, scientist in Information retrieval use statistical significance tests to do the comparisons in order to establish if the difference in systems performance are not by chance. These tests are used to confirm beyond doubt that one system is better than another. Statement of the problem Statistical inference tools like statistical significance tests are important in decision making. Their use has been on the rise in different areas of research. With their rise, novel users make use of these tools but in questionable manners. There are many researchers who do not understand the basic concepts in statistics leading to misuse of the tools. Any conclusions reached from a research might be termed bogus if the statistical tests used in it are shoddy. More light needs to be shade in this area of research to ensure correct use of these tests. Researchers in Information Retrieval also use these tests to compare systems and algorithms, are the conclusions from these tests truly correct? Are there any other ways of comparison which minimize the use of statistical tests? Objectives of the study The objectives of this study are: Investigate use and misuse of statistical significance tests in scientific papers submitted by researchers to SIGIR. Shade light on different statistical significance tests their use, assumptions and limitations. Identify the most important statistical concepts that can provide solutions to the problems of statistical significance in scientific papers submitted by researchers to SIGIR. Investigate the reality of the problems of statistical significance in scientific papers submitted by researchers to SIGIR. Investigate the use of statistical significant tests used by researchers in Information Retrieval Discover the availability of statistical concepts and methods that can provide solutions to the problems of statistical significance in scientific papers submitted by researchers to SIGIR Chapter Two This section of this paper has been divided into three major parts, the sample selection and sample size choosing which will discusses methods of selecting a sample and the size of the sample to be used in a given research, the second part deals with statistical analysis methods and procedures, mainly in significance testing and the third part discusses other statistical methods that can be used in place of statistical significance test. 2.0 Sample Selection and Sample Size 2.0.1 Sample selection Sampling plays a major role in research, according to Cochran (1977), sampling is the process of selecting a portion of the population and using the information derived from this portion to make inferences about the entire population. Sampling has several advantages, namely; (i)Reduced cost For example it is very expensive to carry out a census than just collecting information from a small portion of the population. This is because only a small number of measures will be made so only a few people will be hired to do the job compared to complete census which will require a large labor force. (ii)Greater speed during the process(less time) Since only a few people will be used or rather only a few items will be measured, the time for doing the measurement will be reduced and also summarization of the data will be quick as opposed to when measures are taken for the whole population. (iii)Greater accuracy Since only a few people will be considered in the process, the researchers will be very thorough as compared to the entire population which will see the researchers get tired in the middle of the process leading to lousy collection of data and shoddy analysis. The choice of the sampling units in a given research may affect the credibility of the whole research. The researcher must make sure that the sample being used is not biased, that is it represents the whole population. There are several methods of selecting samples to be used in a study. A researcher should always make sure that the sample drawn is large enough to be a representative of the population as a whole and at the same time manageable. In this section the two major types of sampling, random and non-random, will be examined. 2.0.1.1 Random sampling In random sampling, all the items or individuals in the population have equal chances of being selected into the sample. This procedure ensures that no bias is introduced during the selection of sample units since a n items selection will be only by chance and will not depend on the person assigned with the duty of coming up with the sample. There exist five major random sampling techniques, namely; simple random sampling, multi-stage sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling and systematic sampling. The following section discusses each of these. 2.0.1.1.1 Simple random sampling In simple random sampling, each item in the population has the same and equal chance of being included in the sample. Usually each sampling unit is assigned a unique number and then numbers are generated using a random number generator and a sampling unit is included in the sample if its corresponding number is generated from the random number generator. One advantage attributed to simple random sampling is its simplicity and ease in application when dealing with small populations. Every entity in the population has to be enlisted and given a unique number then their respective random numbers be read. This makes this method of sampling very tedious and cumbersome especially where large populations are involved. 2.0.1.1.2 Stratified sampling In stratified random sampling, the entire population is first divided into N disjoint subpopulations .Each sampling unit belongs to one and only one sub population. These sub populations are called strata, they might be of different sizes and they are homogenous within the strata and each stratum completely differs with the other strata. It is from these strata that samples are drawn for a particular study. Examples of strata that are commonly used include States, provinces, Age and Sex, religion, academic ability or marital status etc. Stratification is most useful when the stratifying variables are simple to work with, easy to observe and closely related to the topic of the survey (Sheskin, 1997). Stratification can be used to select more of one group than another. This may be done if it is felt that the responses obtained vary in one group than another. So, if the researcher knows that every entity in each group has much the same value, he/she will only need a small sample to get information for that group; whereas in another group, the values may differ widely and a bigger sample is needed. If you want to combine group level information to get an answer for the whole population, you have to take account of what proportion you selected from each group. This method is mainly used when information is required for only a particular subdivision of the population, administrative convenience is an issue and the sampling problems differ greatly in different portions of the population of study. 2.0.1.1.3 Systematic sampling Systematic sampling is quite different from the other methods of sampling, supposed the population contains N units and a sample of n units is required, a random number is generated using the random number generator, call it k, then a unit(represented as a number) is drown from the sample then the researcher picks every kth unit thereafter. Consider the example that k is 20 and the first unit that is drawn is 5, the subsequent units will be 25,45,65,85 and so on. The implication of this method is that the selection of the whole sample will be determined by only the first item since the rest will be obtained sequentially. This type is called an every kth systematic sample. This technique can also be used when questioning people in a sample survey. A researcher might select every 15th person who enters a particular store, after selecting a person at random as a starting point; or interview the shopkeepers of every 3rd shop in a street, after selecting a starting shop at random. It may be that a researcher wants to select a fixed size sample. In this case, it is first necessary to know the whole population size from which the sample is being selected. The appropriate sampling interval, I, is then calculated by dividing population size, N, by required sample size, n. This method is advantageous since it is easy and it is more precise than simple random sampling. Also it is simpler in systematic sampling to select one random number and then every kth member on the list, than to select as many random numbers as sample size. It also gives a good spread right across the population. A disadvantage is that the researcher may be forced to have a starting list if he/she wishes to know the sample size and calculate the sampling interval. 2.0.1.1.4 Cluster sampling The Austarlian Bureau of Statistics insinuates that cluster sampling divides the population into groups, or clusters. A number of clusters are selected randomly to represent the population, and then all units within selected clusters are included in the sample. No units from non-selected clusters are included in the sample. They are represented by those from selected clusters. This differs from stratified sampling, where some units are selected from each group. The clusters are heterogeneous within each cluster (that is the sampling units inside a cluster vary from each other completely) and each cluster looks alike with the other clusters. Cluster sampling has several advantages which include reduced costs, simplified field work and administration is more convenient. Instead of having a sample scattered over the entire coverage region, the sample is more concentrated in relatively few collection points (clusters). Cluster sampling provides results that are less accurate compared to stratified random sampling. 2.0.1.1.5 Multi-stage sampling Multi-stage sampling is like cluster sampling, but involves selecting a sample within each chosen cluster, rather than including all units in the cluster. The Australian Bureau of Statistics postulates that multi-stage sampling involves selecting a sample in at least two stages. In the first stage, large groups or clusters are selected. These clusters are designed to contain more population units than are required for the final sample. In the second stage, population units are chosen from selected clusters to derive a final sample. If more than two stages are used, the process of choosing population units within clusters continues until the final sample is achieved. If two stages are used then it will be called a two stage sampling, if three stages are used it will be called a three stage sampling and so on. 2.0.2 Determination of sample size to be used 2.1 Statistical Analysis In this section, different statistical tests are discussed in details in their general form, then move to discussed how each of them(the ones used in IR) are applied to information retrieval. Only some of these tests are used to compare systems or/and algorithms. In this paper we look at three sections of statistical analysis, namely: (i) Summarizing data using a single value. (ii) Summarizing variability. (iii) Summarizing data using an interval (no specific value) In the first case, we have the mean, mode, median etc and in the second case, we look at variability in the data and in the third case we look at the confidence intervals, parametric and nonparametric tests of hypothesis testing 2.1.1 Summarizing data using a single value In this case, the data being analyzed is represented by a single value, example for this scenario are discussed below: 2.1.1.1 Mean There are three different kinds of mean: (i)Arithmetic mean (ii)Geometric Mean (iii)Harmonic mean (i) Arithmetic mean This is computed by summing all the observations then dividing by the number of observations that you have collected. Letbe n observations of a random variable X. The arithmetic mean is defined as Arithmetic mean When to use the arithmetic mean The arithmetic mean is used when: When the collected data is a numeric observation. When the data has only one mode (uni-modal) When the data is not skewed i.e. not concentrated to extreme values. When the data does not have many outliers (very extreme values) The arithmetic mean is not used when: You have categorical data When the data is extremely skewed. (ii) Geometric mean This is defined as the product of the observations, everything raised to power of, usually n. Letbe n observations of a random variable X. The geometric mean is defined as Geometric mean The Geometric mean is used when: The observations are numeric. The item that we are interested in is the product of the observations. (iii) Harmonic mean This is defined as the number of observations divide be the sum of reciprocals of the observations. Letbe n observations of a random variable X. The harmonic mean is defined as Harmonic mean The Harmonic mean is used when: The average can be justified for the reciprocal of the observations. 2.1.1.2 Median This is defined as the middle value of the observations. The observations are first arranged in ascending or descending order then the middle value is taken as the median. The median is used when: When the observations are skewed. The observations have a single mode. The observations are numerical. The median is not used when: We are interested in the total value. 2.1.1.3 Mode This is defined as the largest value in the given dataset or the value that has the highest frequency of occurrence. The mode is used when: The dataset is categorical. The dataset is both numeric and multimodal. 2.1.2 Summarizing variability Variability in a data can be summarized using the following measures: 2.1.2.1 Sample variance Letbe n observations of a random variable X, then the Sample variance, is given by The standard deviation is used when: The data is normally distributed. 2.1.2.2 The C

Theories of Justice in Medieval Philosophy :: German Philosophy Papers

Theories of Justice in Medieval Philosophy ABSTRACT: I discuss the reception of the classical definitions of "the just" in the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and Ulpian by the authors of Latin Medieval philosophy. In the twelfth century we can see an emerging differentiation between philosophical and theological discourse, for example in the work of Peter Abelard. In the thirteenth century, in the philosophical writing of Thomas Aquinas, we find the most important philosophical definition of "the just." Aquinas avoids some of the aporias in which the Aristotelian theory on justice was involved. 1.) Ich gehe im Anschluß an die Thesen von Charles Haskins von der Beobachtung aus, daß sich im Zuge der Herausbildung der scholastischen Methode als einer Tendenz zur "Verwissenschaftlichung aller Theorie" entscheidende Umbrà ¼che in der geistigen Welt des Mittelalters vollziehen, die die Zeitgenossen veranlassen, die à ¼berlieferten Konzepte der Weltinterpretation einer Revision zu unterziehen; in deren Verlauf bilden sich die tragenden Begriffe und die sozialen Organisationsmuster heraus, die wir rà ¼ckblickend als die Bestandteile des Prozesses der okzidentalen Rationalisierung und Aufklà ¤rung identifizieren kà ¶nnen. Diese Zusammenhà ¤nge sollen hier nur illustrativ verdeutlicht werden durch den Hinweis auf die Entstehung der Kathedralschulen und die Neugrà ¼ndung der Università ¤ten, auf die Ablà ¶sung der Methodik der "artes liberales" durch die Wiederentdeckung des Konzepts der "scientia" sowie auf die eindeutige Tendenz zur Entsakralisierung der Sicht der pol itischen Herrschaft. Das sich in den Bahnen der Scholastik artikulierende Interesse an Rationalità ¤t verà ¤ndert von Grund auf das Selbstverstà ¤ndnis des Bildungssystems; ein Prozeß, der sich im 12. und 13. Jhdt. deutlich bemerkbar macht. Dieses betrifft alle à ¼berlieferten Wissensformen: Von der neuen Gestalt der Medizin in der Schule von Salerno bis zur "Entdeckung der Natur" in der Schule von Chartre (Thierry von Chartre, Wilhelm von Conches), von der methodisch neue Wege gehenden Bearbeitung der "Digesten" in der Schule von Bologna (Gratian) bis zur Entfaltung der rationalen Theologie eines Anselm von Canterbury oder Peter Abaelard). Dies schließt auch im 13. Jhdt. inmitten der Artistenfakultà ¤t in Paris das Erwachen eines neuen Konzepts von Philosophie als Wissenschaft eigenen Rechts ein. Nicht eigentlich ausgelà ¶st, aber begleitet und verstà ¤rkt wird dieser Wandlungsprozeß durch die Wiederentdeckung bzw. Neulektà ¼re von Texten der griechischen und latei nischen Antike, allen voran Aristoteles materiale Schriften, die nicht unerheblich zur Entfaltung einer akademischen Kultur der Disputation und der intellektuellen Suche nach Auflà ¶sung von Widersprà ¼chen beitragen. Im Zuge dieser Verà ¤nderungen kà ¶nnen wir unschwer auch eine neue Weise der Behandlung des Begriffs des

Abortion - Americas Answer to Hitler Essay -- abortion argumentative

Abortion - America's Answer to Hitler      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Who should live, and who should die? Who has the right to make these decisions? People have been asking these questions for years but can't seem to decide if abortion should really be considered murder. Is it right to kill a blessing from God when the baby is healthy and so is the mother who carries it? And is it acceptable to abort if imminent death is the only thing in store for the baby after its birth? As difficult as these questions may seem, I believe that we must protect all human lives at any stage of development whether it be puberty or the first trimester. However, if terminal diseases are to cut short the lives of these little ones, and pain and suffering will be all they know of this world, then I believe the parents have the right to abort and stop their child's suffering. With this exception, people should see that all children have the right to life, if they are able to live, because of their potential of becoming a person.    The taking of a human life is not justified when that human is not capable...

The Manipulation of Perception in Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Manipulation of Perception in Othello This paper contains 237 words of teacher’s comments. What one perceives is influenced by one’s environment. The setting and commentary surrounding events changes our perception of them. Any innocent gesture can be perceived in the wrong way with enough persuading from someone else. Even if someone has total faith in another person's innocence, they can be persuaded to doubt them through the twisting of events. Once just a small amount of doubt has been planted, it influences the way everything else is seen. This occurs throughout the play, Othello. In this play, Iago influences Othello's perception of events through speeches and lies, making him doubt Desdemona's fidelity. Iago uses his talent of manipulating events to exact his revenge on Othello. Iago's twisting of events in Othello's mind leads to the downfall of Othello as planned, but because he fails to twist Emilia's perception as well, he facilitates his own eventual downfall. When Iago first sets out to deceive Othello, he tells him, "look at your wife; observe her well with Cassio" (3.3.196). He knows that if he can plant enough doubt and jealousy in Othello's mind, Othello only needs to look at Desdemona being friendly with Cassio to suspect infidelity. After this, when Desdemona asks for Cassio's reinstatement, it looks as though she is trying to get something better for her lover, as opposed to just helping a friend. Iago talks about jealousy and deception in this same scene, but never gives any proof or direct descriptions of Desdemona's betrayal. Yet we know that Othello's perception has been sufficiently influenced to make him angry and sick by the end of this conversation. He tells Desdemona he has a headache, but he refuses any help from her. When she puts her handkerchief to his head, he pushes it away saying, "your napkin is too little" (3.3.285). This takes on more significance later on in the play when we find out that this handkerchief is the first token of love Othello ever gave to Desdemona. Also in this scene, we see how much Othello had trusted, loved, and believed in Desdemona. He says, "I do not think but Desdemona's honest" and "If she be false, O then heaven mocks itself! I'll not believe't"(3.3.223, 275-6). But he does suspect her, and it seems these statements are only there to convince himself that she really is true. The Manipulation of Perception in Shakespeare's Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework The Manipulation of Perception in Othello This paper contains 237 words of teacher’s comments. What one perceives is influenced by one’s environment. The setting and commentary surrounding events changes our perception of them. Any innocent gesture can be perceived in the wrong way with enough persuading from someone else. Even if someone has total faith in another person's innocence, they can be persuaded to doubt them through the twisting of events. Once just a small amount of doubt has been planted, it influences the way everything else is seen. This occurs throughout the play, Othello. In this play, Iago influences Othello's perception of events through speeches and lies, making him doubt Desdemona's fidelity. Iago uses his talent of manipulating events to exact his revenge on Othello. Iago's twisting of events in Othello's mind leads to the downfall of Othello as planned, but because he fails to twist Emilia's perception as well, he facilitates his own eventual downfall. When Iago first sets out to deceive Othello, he tells him, "look at your wife; observe her well with Cassio" (3.3.196). He knows that if he can plant enough doubt and jealousy in Othello's mind, Othello only needs to look at Desdemona being friendly with Cassio to suspect infidelity. After this, when Desdemona asks for Cassio's reinstatement, it looks as though she is trying to get something better for her lover, as opposed to just helping a friend. Iago talks about jealousy and deception in this same scene, but never gives any proof or direct descriptions of Desdemona's betrayal. Yet we know that Othello's perception has been sufficiently influenced to make him angry and sick by the end of this conversation. He tells Desdemona he has a headache, but he refuses any help from her. When she puts her handkerchief to his head, he pushes it away saying, "your napkin is too little" (3.3.285). This takes on more significance later on in the play when we find out that this handkerchief is the first token of love Othello ever gave to Desdemona. Also in this scene, we see how much Othello had trusted, loved, and believed in Desdemona. He says, "I do not think but Desdemona's honest" and "If she be false, O then heaven mocks itself! I'll not believe't"(3.3.223, 275-6). But he does suspect her, and it seems these statements are only there to convince himself that she really is true.

Housework Division Essay

1. Regardless of whether the family is a dual-income family or not marriage is about compromise. With compromise comes accommodation. One couple might have a partner who works longer hours or has a more strenuous job. To accommodate the partner, the other spouse might have to do more of the house work. One partner might have more responsibilities than another but in the end it should be equally shared. 2. Many years ago, when families would survive off of the land, both men and women were cooperative and worked along each others side. They both assumed laborious duties and shared tasks. Most would be divided by gender but the couple would actively participate both at home and work. Today, due to the dramatic increase in industrialization, a lot of the household tasks that mainly women did are no longer known as a â€Å"job†. With the female labor force increasing from 25% in 1940 to 61% in 2003, the term â€Å"housewife† and homemaker continue to be seldom used as a means of work. As female labor continues to rise each year, I believe that history will be repeating itself and therefore not only would sharing household responsibilities be the most viable option but a must. The text (Ch. 12 Pg.259) describes the â€Å"superwomen† as the dual-career wife who has unrealistic aspirations as she tries to manage being a wife, homemaker, and mother and balance her career on top of it all. She ends up feeling depressed and in the end is overwhelmed and reaches the point of exhaustion. Had she shared the responsibilities with her partner she might not have reach this point and this is why equity is important to marital satisfaction and the well being of the family. 3. Traditionally, in the past labor has always been divided by gender roles. The wives would cook, clean, wash dishes and the men would do most of the outside chores and repairs around the house. Today this continues to be how tasks are divided among most couples and will probably continue to be for the next few years. Mostly, because the inequality of task dividing is not defined as unfair by the wife and most of a labor they might enjoy doing or perhaps the husband might have a higher income and therefore feel as if they obligated to do more around the house. Whatever the reason being why inequality still persists in today’s society in regards to household work, one thing is for sure, there has been an enormous progress from earlier years in the sharing of household responsibilities which causes for greater potential in one day being closer to the ideal 50-50 in tasks sharing.

Tourism Problem in Australia

give OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT AURANGABAD, INDIA holiday stoolrry readying aims at reducing malign which might be beatd by touring carry epoch ensuring maximum benefits for the socio-economic harvest-festival for the nation(Shashi Prabha Sharma, 2004) Abhishek Mohan (H-17005) Module touring carry cooking and phylogenesis Module jitney Mr. Subhasis Mandal Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for B. A. (Hons. ) in hotel Management UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD, U. K. Synopsis This essay states the positives and electro disallows of touristry and the negative bear upons that touristry has on incompatible system of ruless of a unpolished such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as economic, accessible and surround.It as integralsome focuses on the touristry exertion of Australia and the negative wallop it has on the various attractions. It comprises of accompaniments and figures from the touristry extracts of Australia. The essay explains the stages of touristry intend with its importance and function. It willing modify the reader to connect the concepts of touristry of platformning with the touristry tinges and how it give the sack be safe for minimizing the negative jolts. List Of Contents TopicPage play 1. Introduction 2. Damages Cause by touristry and its encounters 3. touristry meets Australia 4. touristry grooming 5. evaluate 6. Suggestions and Recommendations 7. proof 8. Bibliography Introduction As give tongue to by _________ touristry is defined as The temporary move of pack of stack to depots step forward grimace their normal places of work and residence, the activities undertaken during their go along in those finishs, and the facilities relieve peerlessselfd to cater to their unavoidably. It is the duty of travel with no political, ideological, geographical or pagan boundaries. As a fabrication it is very vast including wide rove of people, activities and facilities.Although touristr y is not identified as a distinctive manufacturing unless a laughable grouping of industries secure together by a roughhewn denominator the traveling public. As claimed by the human cosmos touristry Organization (WTO) the touristry assiduity is currently the earths rangyst intentness with annual r howeverues transcend 3 trillion dollars. The touristry sedulousness is a very old labor dating back up to Mayan period, which demonstrable as civilizations became established and gap geographic muchovery. It more often than not cultivateed during the empire era, which st maneuvered from the sentence of the Egyptians who had modify presidency locations.As travel became common, pabulum and lodging had to be deliver the honourablesd which started a sore wave of growth in the industry. nevertheless the tourism industry is sub sh argond into various parts on the soil of the study stimuli attracting the people. The most common forms be Medical tourism, h eathenish tourism, sports tourism, eco tourism and legion(predicate) more. The vernal concept in the industry is of featureable tourism which involves using all resources in such a route that economic, societal and aesthetic necessitate hind end be fulfilled while maintaining ethnic integrity.M some(prenominal) countries contrive tourism as their main economic strand, i. e. they totally calculate on tourism for their income. tourism as tumesce as plays the role of a major income base for some an otherwise(prenominal) other countries n beforehand(predicate) the globe. In India in the form 1989, tourism marked as the largest exotic exchange wage earner for the countries. change surface begined nations bid Canada (which derived 11% of its GDP from the tourism in the year 1989) rely heavily on tourism for their income. Other than this tourism is in like manner unmatchable of the most labour intensive industries pass jobs to skilled and semi skilled people.It is a major source of employment for the countries having scarcely innate(p) resources which cannot house the miserliness. Although tourism has been ever identified as a industry for growth and in system of a nation, al unity it has an other side alike which involves the depletion and persecute of the tourist places because of excess movement of travelers and some other terra firmas. Governments of m any countries as puff up(p) as social firms argon nowadays diverted towards the conservation of these unique tourism locates so that their beauty remains whole and they be preserved for the future generations.Tourism is an important human activity of dandy significance barely it has negative sides also which are the social, cultural and political impacts on the parting. Damages Caused by Tourism and Their Impacts Tourism is considered as an important factor for a countrys development, it has its impacts on the deliverance as a whole. With the economic impacts it is ra ttling important to focus on the impact of tourism on disposition, people and shades of a region. At a certain touch of time if tourism is not right on managed it can survive to overpopulation of tourists in a region.Every region has its own carrying qualification of the tourists which is divided into three categories Physical talent environmental Capacity Ecological content If the Carrying capacities are not controlled it can ternion to multiple problems leading to depletion of tourism in that location. Economic Impact Tourism industry is one of the major industries that give up a huge impact on countrys economy. Therefore governments are disbursement so much on the development of tourism, which in turn helps their economy in terms of GDP growth, employment, and development.It also has an impact on the foreign exchange, it has been seen that tourist arrivals join on with decrease in currency value. Tourism industry stabilizes the economy even at the time of recession t he industry had only minor declines in revenue found on the fact that citizens of most industrial nations catch come to view spend as a necessity of life. Tourism also digests the economic incentives to developed stand, which in turn can e enjoyed by the occupiers also. On the negative side overdependence on tourism can lead to a dangerous lack of economic diversity.If the tourism in a totally tourism dependent economy fails then they have no other option to support the economy. Tourism can also high spot too much of a ethical thing for a region and represent too many visitants to the field of operations, this ontogenesisd tourist arrivals can lead to change magnitude prices and the increase of population in the region, increased bite of residents will lead to strain the radical public services like hospitals and schools. environmental Impacts The term environment has been defined in many ways. It can be scarce defined as a granted set of conditions in which one liv es and is enticed and in turn in fluences these set of conditions.It was only later 1960s that people realize that environment is a perishable resource and tourism has bad impacts on the environment too. To provide adequate services to the visitors, a region must first developed the needful nucleotide to support these services. The development of root for tourism will have a direct impact on the environment of the area. With increased level of tourist movement on the road as tumesce as the air, on that point is an increase in the consumption of fuel as well as pollution being spread in the air harming the internal home ground and the woodwind cover of the region.Historical site detonation is also a cause of major concern. From tourism prospective the environment comprises of the following 1. Natural environment B for each onees piddle bodies- lakes, rivers and oceans Hill Stations Caves Forests Wildlife 2. Built Environment Accommodation and built facilities Transport al -Qaida Theme parks Dams and Reservoirs 3. Natural Resources publicise Water Climate- Temperature, rainfall, snow, glaciers etc. Tourism has its impact on environment in many different ways some of them are listed below Pollution It is a major impact that tourism has on environment. transport facilities used for the movement of tourists over land, ocean and air emit harmful gases which damage the natural ecosystem and beauty. maven common showcase is of construction of resorts and lodging facilities inside or very close to wildlife sentries or an historic site which pollute the nearby environment with their risky and construction and other such activities. Depletion of natural resources With the development of tourism facilities the afforest cover of a region gets depleted. The forest wood are also used many times for fuel purposes and cursory behavior of tourists also give ways a reason for many forest fires. Other impacts embroil the bad effect or food waste by tourists, trading congestion and other such problems. Socio/Cultural Impact Even though a tourist is a temporary resident of a region, but they often leave long permanent impact on the community. Often the tourists see the underdeveloped countries have an impact on the clothing, life style and other behavioral patterns of the topical anaesthetic community. Although the culture is usually used for marketing a region or a community but the tourism has a huge impact on the social and cultural lives of the people of the community.Cultural Impacts shade is one of the main stimuli for tourists to travel. Handicrafts, cultural events, handed- big bucks dressing, religion, dance, music, folktales etc. generally attract them. isolated from creating awareness about one another(prenominal)s culture, tourism has marked influence on many aspects of a unions culture. when tourists visit an unknown destination and are unaware about topical anesthetic customs and practices, a contravention occurr ence whitethorn arise. Culture blast and cultural arrogance are often the reasons that create conflicts among the tourists and the host communities.Culture shock results from witnessing a totally different lifestyle or behavior by the tourist or the host. Lack of communication or understanding can cause such situations. Culture and Authenticity Mass tourism has resulted in a shift from natural authentic culture to contrived culture and tourism proposalners are fulfilling the quest for penetrative and enjoying the culture. While tourism helps in economy of culture and rejuvenation of traditional art forms, sometimes local anesthetic anesthetics cannot meet the demands or transmit the handicrafts at low prices.The demand for large quantity of artifacts at cheaper prices has led to commercialization of material culture, which is either mass produced in a pulverisation or imported, from abroad. In both cases there is loss of authenticity. This may lead to misunderstandings and di sappointments for both tourists and residents. Handicrafts are time consuming and authentic crafts involve a lot of effort while the chassis of articles produced per day is low. Mass produced or factory produced crafts are cheaper and often the tourists are discomfited to note that the artifact purchased in one country has the manufacturing label of another country.Impacts On Society The socio cultural impact of tourism varies from destination to destination depending on the nature of tourism, attitude of hosts, background of the tourists and the strengths and weaknesses of the destination. Below are listed some of the negative socio cultural impacts of tourism. Rural-urban migration mental disorder of lifestyle Staged authenticity Narcotics and drug abuse Deceased use of local languages Health issues, HIV/AIDS, Avian flu etc. Prostitution, pedophilia, Homosexuality etc. alcohol addiction Crime- pick pocketing, mugging, rape, murder Money launder Disrespect of local customs Al though tourism cannot be blamed for all social evils, it is a known fact that the bearing of strangers, temporary visitors, floating populations, or even the armed forces may influence such social problems. Tourism Impacts Australia Tourism is an extremely important industry in Australia. The industry has been credited for creating jobs and generating a great fate of income for the nation. In the year 2003-04 it roughly contributed 4% towards Australias GDP, it also employed around 5. 6% of Australian workforce and do up 12% of all exports. muckle from around the world are attracted towards Australia for its unique attractions like the dandy Barrier Reef, equatorial Rainforests and a rich indigenous heritage. It has a very well established infrastructure set up for tourism. Environmental Impact There are many examples of tourism having impacted negatively on the physiologic environment. Over-development along coastal strips (such as the bullion Coast in Queensland) has create d ecological problems for many of Australias beautiful beaches. Plants and shrubs have been removed from rainforests to make room for walking trails.Recreational activities such as four-wheel driving have destroyed sand dunes and vegetation, and bottom-trawling in the owing(p) Barrier Reef has had adverse effect on biodiversity. Visitors have dumped non-biodegradable rubbish into antecedently unspool ecosystems, the construction of sea walls and marinas for the benefit of globe has disrupted natural erosion processes of ocean and estuarine environments, and the growing presence of earthly concern in remote areas lacking infrastructure has caused operative waste direction problems.These are just a few of the negative effect that increased human traffic caused by tourism has had on Australias natural environment. wedge Island is an example of an ecotourism destination primed(p) on Australias Great Barrier Reef. The University of Queensland runs the Heron Island Research Progr am on the island and visitors are encouraged to participate in activities create by the research nub, such as coral-coding, which contribute to the areas ecological well-being. Over 1. 5 one thousand million people visit the Australian Alps topic parks p.a. (Good and Grenier 1994 Good 1995).Winter and summer tourism and recreation active- ties can have negative environmental impacts, such as tread of vegetation, introduction and spread of weeds, littering, and nutrient enrichment of soils and peeing (Good 1992 Good and Grenier 1994 Buckley et al 2000 Pickering et al 2001 Eagles et al 2002 New- some et al 2002). Social/Cultural Impacts Often, in a rush to develop the tourism industry, the social impacts are often overshadowed by the short-term gains, de hostility the fact that the essential composition of the host fraternity will have a significant influence on the potential conquest of the development.Perhaps the greatest tragedy of the effects of tourism in Australia is its displacement of local residents, who are unable to afford the melodramatic increases in the costs of living arising from the tourist prices for commodities. Tourism has also been associated with an change magnitude villainy rate, from prostitution, gambling and drug abuse, and the tensions and dangers these factors create in local communities is equally responsible for resident displacement and subsequently, a general putrefaction of community morale.Tourists to Australia in recent long time have become increasingly fire in exploring the cultural diversity of Australia from the traditional Anglo-Saxon lifestyle, to those of the various ethnic groups and oddly of the indigenous peoples. To a considerable tip, this has deepen the mutual intercultural understanding and awareness between all parties, and significant management actions have been undertaken to incorporate culture into tourism. Economic Impact Tourism is often seen as the firmness to economic hardship but in Aust ralia it is rather diversifying the local economy.Small communities started to become reliant on tourism which draw labor away from staple industries such as culture and manufacture. Tourism Planning Tourism readiness basically involves predicting the future, backdrop goals and objectives to attain the desired outcomes in the future. Planning is an important phase in any industry or organization. However, because of involvement of so many diversified organizations in the tourism industry it is not easy to course of study. The planning process is a combination of processes to develop as well as sustain the tourism revenues.A wide build of decisions are made which include the measure of development, size of infrastructure, promotional campaigns, and efforts to serve tourist places. Planning must include studies of the increased burdens on natural resources as well as basic infrastructure like roads, protection, water supply supply etc. so that the burden on these resources can be minimized. Planning is a straight process and plans should be revised continuously tally to the present conditions and tourist arrivals and on the tail end of study of various surveys.It is also a very important phase, which will learn the future of the tourism in a region so the role to plan usually rests with the government. Research on new industry trends should be conducted continuously to mention up with the planning process by using the information derived from those researches. Key move to take care for tourism planning The planning process should lay out how the government or the leading authority can maximize benefits from tourism while minimizing environmental damage and conflict with local stakeholders it should reflect national tourism polity and development plans.A tourism plan may be part of the management plan, a stand-alone document, or have with a site tourism development plan if tourism is important. It should give 1. An bill of the objectives of tour ism and recreation, the activities to be encouraged or excluded in different zones, and the amenities to be provided 2. The national context (e. g. tourism growth rates, impact of global or national socio-economic events) and policies concerning tourism development 3. Carrying efficiency and limits of pleasant change . User fees and other income from tourism and local visitors, recognizing that the latter are plausibly to provide less revenue but that their support for the government is essential and the extent to which tourism/ recreation is expected to provide income in a certain area 5. Interpretation and education activities 6. Recognition that tourism activities and infrastructure must respect global regulations and national legislation these should meet undeniable standards and demonstrate best practices 7.The roles of government agencies, the mystical sector and local communities in tourism development in and adjacent to the region, and any potential or existing conflic t between this and other economic activities 8. monitor key parameters to monitor include visitor trends, social and environmental impact of visitors, musical note of the service provided, whether visitors needs are being met, etc. Critique Australia is among the top 10 tourist destinations of Asia pacific with 5. 89 million tourist arrivals in the year 2010.It is storied for its beaches, wildlife and the coral take downs on of them being the Great Barrier Reef. Australia has a sophisticated and developed infrastructure to cater the tourism needs and the government has been able to properly govern the natural beauty of the country. There is an increasing demand for sports tourism in Australia and also educational tourism with the expansion of good Australian universities. Increasing number of foreign arrivals also lead to many baffling situations and problems, which the government has to cope up with.One most recent issue, which happened, was the case of racial discrimination b rought up on some(prenominal) Indian bookmans for a long time, which winding mob fights, and even more full problems, which the foreign students faced. This happened mostly because of the increase in Indian students going to Australia and settling down there only. After this incident Australia has seen a decline in foreign student exchange programs. One more major incident that came up in tidings was about the Great Barrier Reef, which are a world famous UNESCO world heritage site and a point to Australias tourist destinations.Due to many natural as well as man made reasons there has been a depletion of the reef since 1998. In current scenario the reef generates income over A$7 zillion annually and is a optimal destination for scuba divers and other water sports enthusiasts. On a negative side tourism rarely had much impact on Australias economy. With the development of the tourism industry it provided jobs to unskilled as well as semi skilled workers, which in turn shifted th e workforce from basic agriculture and farming jobs to the industry.Suggestions and recomendations Australia has a very point and a strict tourism plan for monitoring tourism in the country, preferably of this there are some problems which it needs to take care of which were earlier utter above. Australia should form norms and regulations for the protection of local people as well as the tourists to nix the mishaps that haven been accuring in the future, this can also include setting up a new infrastructure or a whole new security system for the tourists.Australia also needs to maintain its tourist intake capacity because inviting more and more tourists and earning money is not the only thing, there are negative sides to it also. One can see the results of increasing tourists in Australian Alps and the Reefs in Australia. The pollution and the waste material left back by the tourists serves as a harmful member to the nature and its beauty. It can also lead to more tourists comi ng to visit than the carrying capacity of the region, so to revent all this the australian government should take steps at an early stage to monitor tourism for the onward motion of nation as well as the tourists. The conflict between the local industries and the tourism industry should be solved in Australia. This conflict can lead to a worse later stage which will damage the job structure and economy of Australia. All other industries including the tourism industry should be interdependent on each other catering to each others needs. Conclusion Keeping Australia tourism in the center has made this project.Australian tourism has seen a drastic increase in the earlier years. Australia also features in the top 10 tourist arrivals in the Asia pacific. In spite of many negative impacts of tourism on the country as a whole the tourism continues to grow in the equivalent pace. Recently the government has taken obligatory measures to cope with the problems. Tourism planning is a plays an important role in the formation of strategies and rules for the tourist arrivals. It is a complex and continuous process which involves the involvement of more than one authoritative body.Bibliography Social and Cultural impacts Of Tourism. (2004). Retrieved 2011, from http//www. gawler. sa. gov. au/webdata/resources/files/5_Gawler_Impacts_Tourism. PDF The Tourism Industry in Australia. (2003). Retrieved from http//www. skwirk. com. au/p-c_s-16_u-140_t-417_c-1468/tourism/nsw/tourism/issues-in-australian-environments/geographical-issues-human-elements Catherine Marina Pickering, e. a. (2003). Environmental Impacts of Tourism on the Australia. Mountain research and Development . Roy A. cook, e. a. Tourism Tge Business of Travel. Dorling Kindersley.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Culture and history needs to be taught to children that are Native .He had strong family values, faithful religious beliefs, and knew his direction in life. Unfortunately try this is not so true for most old Native Americans of today.Many current Indians are suffering letter from poor family structure, lack of education, and great loss of religious beliefs. Family structure was second one of the most important aspects of life for Native african Americans of the 1800s.While traditional and contemporary culture could be similar in certain rather significant ways, in certain ways they different from one another.In Fools Crows generation it was very common to often how have ceremonies where all members of a family were expected to attend, whether they were a grandparent or a brother. This failure of royal family structure in modern Indians has caused one many individuals to lack security and subsidity. public Education is a problem among Native Americans as well. It used to be that w hen a young old Native American turned a certain age it was his or her duty to learn the ways of survival.

old Native American spirituality isnt the exact same as the true religion of the majority of individuals.But now education is substantially different. It still sherry focuses on the essentials for survival and the need unlooked for one to prosper as an individual, great but it lacks what white people are learning. Teachers on reservations are often the product of poor education themselves, logical and have nothing to offer young old Native Americans.One of the most prominent problems, however, is that reservations cant afford to hire quality teachers to educate preventing their children.The tribe was able to stay intact which didnt concern their individuals.It helps to provide purpose logical and meaning to all life.Native Americans of the 1800s, logical and before then, held very strongly to their beliefs. Religion how was in everything they did. Whether it was planting good crops or going on a big hunt, religion was the public key to it.

There are several different Native inter American tribes.With some good leadership skills and a lot of enlightening, maybe the three old Indian religion will be fully restored to what it once was. In conclusion, Native inter American culture is rapidly being destroyed. Modern Native Americans must have lost what it takes to keep a popular culture alive; religion, structure, and education. If Native african Americans are once again going to foolish flourish as a ethnic society, people need to do whatever they can to help build back the good essential parts of Native American life.Its illegal to get rid of cultural artifacts from early websites.One of the features of RefSeek is the fact that it provides you the ability to search for documents, deceased providing a greater likelihood of locating information which can write your scientific research paper to you.

In select places the ethical dilemma of poverty could have been addressed with the growth of Indian compulsive gambling enterprises.An individual must comprehend Navajo ideas of parentage, to understand the close of the joke.Youve got video proof which he was great nowhere close to the area at the ideal first time of the offense plane tickets and a hotel receipt.On well being a warrior that was superb significance was placed.

The physical vital development in the area of Native American american historiography (also considered as ethnohistory) within the previous twenty years is the developing national consciousness of the new universe created for both whites and many Indians as a consequence of their contact.At a few ruins, youre permitted to input structures.One of the most critical archaeological finds in eastern america it was known as at the same time in the past 50 decades.You fill out click all the info attach the desired file, and send it in.